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| Term: Allomorph Definition: One of the variant pronunciations of a morpheme, among which the choice is determined by context (phonological, grammatical or lexical). Source: Cartairs-McCathy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburg: Editorial Board. | Example: Past tense is another morpheme that has multiple morphs and is thus an allomorph. When you form the past tense, you add the sounds /t/, /d/, and /əd/ to words to put them in past tense, such as in talked, grabbed, and wanted, respectively. Source: https://www.thoughtco.com/allomorph-word-forms-and-sounds-1688980 picture : Source:https://www.google.com.ec/search?rlz=1C1GIWA_enEC790EC790&tbm=isch&q=allomorphs&chips=q:allomorphs,online_chips:examples&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiDvbGC9-bdAhVGqlkKHezJB3AQ4lYIJSgA&biw=1242&bih=569&dpr=1.1#imgrc=911rwyEJVHLo5M: |
| Term: allophone Definition: The realisation of a phoneme. Each segment has different realisations which are only partly distinguishable for speakers. A phoneme can have different allophones, frequently depending on position in the word or on a preceding vowel. Source: https://www.uni-due.de/ELE/LinguisticGlossary.html | Examples: [p] and [pH] are allophones of the phoneme /p/. [t] and [tH] are allophones of the phoneme /t/. Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/allophone Picture Source: https://www.google.com.ec/search?q=allophones+examples&rlz=1C1GIWA_enEC790EC790&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi8k525_-bdAhXEqlkKHVgCA6AQ_AUICigB&biw=1242&bih=569#imgrc=D9spA4TU0i5xIM: |
| Term: Phoneme Definition: In traditional phonology the smallest unit in language which disinguishes meaning, e.g /k/ and /g/ as seen in coat and goat. Each phoneme has one or more realisations, called allophones. Source:https://www.uni-due.de/ELE/LinguisticGlossary.html | Examples: /b/ baby /d/ dog /f/ field Source: https://www.uni-due.de/ELE/LinguisticGlossary.html Picture Source:https://www.google.com.ec/search?q=phonemes&rlz=1C1GIWA_enEC790EC790&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlk8D_gefdAhVIw1kKHcrnAeoQ_AUICigB&biw=1242&bih=569#imgrc=Cmq91KJppbWxYM: |
| Term: Phonology Definition: The study of the sound system of one or more languages. Phonology involves the classification of sounds and a description of the interrelationship of the elements on a systematic level. Source:https://www.uni-due.de/ELE/LinguisticGlossary.html | Example: An example of phonology is the study of different sounds and the way they come together to form speech and words - such as the comparison of the sounds of the two "p" sounds in "pop-up." Source: http://www.yourdictionary.com/phonology |
| Term: Morpheme Definition: The smallest unit in a grammar which can contrast with another and which carries meaning. Source: https://www.uni-due.de/ELE/LinguisticGlossary.html | Example: -ed = turns a verb into the past tense un- = prefix that means not a = article I = pronoun Source: http://www.softschools.com/examples/grammar/morpheme_examples/369/ |
| Term: Suffix Definition: Any element attached to the right- hand side of a stem. Suffixation in one of the major operations in morphology and is undertaken to indicate grammatical categories as in stone : stone-s where the -s is a plural marker suffix. Source: https://www.uni-due.de/ELE/LinguisticGlossary.html | Example: -able: Adj (able)-- dependable, valuable -al: Adj-- original, typical -an: NP (belonging to; see -ian)-- Korean, Mexican Source: https://www.englishhints.com/list-of-suffixes.html |
| Term: Word Definition: A general term for a morphological form which is internally stable, can stand on its own and which in principle can be moved to a new position in a sentence. In a synthetic language like German inflected words tend to be morphologically complex whereas in an analytic language like English these are usually simpler in structure. Source: https://www.uni-due.de/ELE/LinguisticGlossary.html |
Example:
<Promise>
<Discourse>
<Religion>
Picture
Source:https://www.google.com.ec/search?q=words&rlz=1C1GIWA_enEC790EC790&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjCqdfu7ujdAhWOtVkKHczuDkYQ_AUICigB&biw=1242&bih=569#imgrc=PvczHQbKiTCDEM:
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Words (binary/octet-stream)
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| Term: Idiom Definition: Expression whose meaning is not predictable on the basis of the meanings and its components. Source: Source: Cartairs-McCathy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburg: Editorial Board. | Example: Rub someone the wrong way - meaning to annoy or bother Jump the gun - would mean to be doing something early Source: http://examples.yourdictionary.com/idiom.html |
| Term: Verb Definition: One of the two major lexical categories — the other is that of nouns — which is used to express a state or an action. The set of inflectional forms of a verb is termed a conjugation (parallel to declension with nouns). Verbs are usually distinguished for person and number along with tense and mood and frequently for aspect as well. Source: https://www.uni-due.de/ELE/LinguisticGlossary.html |
Example:
<Run>
<Read>
<Stay>
-Dance
Picture
Source:https://www.google.com.ec/search?q=actions&rlz=1C1GIWA_enEC790EC790&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjuktie-OjdAhUpwFkKHYEsBlYQ_AUICigB&biw=1242&bih=525#imgrc=0N2f9WVl6uDBrM:
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Verbs (binary/octet-stream)
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| Term: Lexical Item Definition: Linguistic item whose meaning is unpredictable and which therefore needs to be listed in the lexicon or in dictionaries. Source: Cartairs-McCathy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburg: Editorial Board. | Example: Cat, traffic light, take care of, by the way, and it's raining cats and dogs. Lexical items can be generally understood to convey a single meaning, much as a lexeme, but are not limited to single words. Source: :https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_item |
| Term: Monomorphomic Definition:Consisting of only one morpheme. Source: Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. | Example: "`raise' is monomorphemic but `rays' is not" Source: https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/monomorphemic |
| Term: Lexicon Definition: Inventory of lexical items, seen as part of a native speaker's knowledge of his or her language. Source: Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. | Example: Bonjour! Caio! Hola! Shalom! These are all ways to say hello in different languages - French, Italian, Spanish, Hebrew. These words for hello are part of the vocabulary or lexicon of these languages. Source: https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-lexicon-definition-examples.html |
| Term: Onomatopeia Definition:Resemblance between the sound of a word and what it denotes. Source: Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. | Example: Water sounds : bloop, splash, spray, sprinkle, squirt. Collision sounds: bam, bang, clang, clank. Source: http://examples.yourdictionary.com/5-examples-of-onomatopoeia.html |
| Term: Person Definition: Grammatical category associated especially with pronouns, identifying individuals in relation to the speaker and hearer. Source: Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. Source: | Example: I, you, he, she, it , we, you, they. Picture Source: https://www.google.com.ec/search?q=personal+pronouns&rlz=1C1GIWA_enEC790EC790&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwiW6tub_-jdAhUCzaQKHfOlBmQQ_AUICygC&biw=1242&bih=525#imgrc=QMnS7ctdBspesM: |
| Term: Prefix Definition: Bound morpheme that precedes the root. Source: Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. | Example: DEcode, DEcrease Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/grammar/prefixsuffix/ |
| Term: Semantic Definition: The study of meaning, especially as part of the wider study of how knowledge of language is organised. Source: Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. | Example: The simple word "on" can have many meanings, such as: on call, on the roof, on cloud nine, on edge, on fire, on purpose, on demand, on top, or on the phone. Source: http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-semantics.html |
| Term: Polymorphemic Definition: Consisting of more than one morpheme Source: Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. | Example: Air-craft, dinner-table Source: https://www.google.com.ec/search?q=examples+of+polymorphemic+words&rlz=1C1GIWA_enEC790EC790&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjYi4augendAhXIzlkKHXj_DScQsAR6BAgGEAE&biw=1242&bih=525#imgrc=borOWebEVi0ROM: |
| Term: Accent Definition: Pronunciation peculiar to a particular person or place Source:http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/find-out-more/glossary/ |
Example:
British and American English are different accents.
Picture
Source: https://www.google.com.ec/search?q=british+and+american+english&rlz=1C1GIWA_enEC790EC790&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjHis-HiendAhUBy1kKHZ_tAGYQ_AUICigB#imgdii=IQSVScwrfjAHVM:&imgrc=QXVwzVaqlTDzIM:
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Ba (binary/octet-stream)
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| Term: Dialect Definition: Variety of speech differing from the standard or literary language and characterised by local vocabulary, constructions or pronunciations Source: http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/find-out-more/glossary/ | Example: In My Fair Lady, Eliza Doolittle has a specific working-class dialect, which the Professor attempts to educate out of her so that she can pass as a "lady." Source: http://www.softschools.com/examples/grammar/dialect_examples/199/ |
| Term: Dipthong Definition: Combination of two vowel sounds Source: http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/find-out-more/glossary/ | Example: The "oy" sound can be made with the following vowel pairs: oy, oi for example Boy, joy, coin Source: http://www.softschools.com/examples/grammar/dipthongs_examples/365/ |
| Term: Utterance Definition: Any stretch of spoken speech, a sentence or phrase with emphasis on the characteristics of the spoken medium in contrast either with the written form or with more abstract forms of a linguistic analysis. Source: https://www.uni-due.de/ELE/LinguisticGlossary.html | Example: When you're saying something, you're making utterances. Saying "24" in math class is an utterance. A police officer yelling "Stop!" is an utterance. Saying "Good boy!" to your dog is an utterance. Even a long speech by the President is an utterance. If you can't hear it, it's not an utterance. Source: https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/utterance |
| Term: Compound Sentence Definition: A compound sentence is a sentence composed of two or more coordinate clauses. Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/compound-sentence | Example: I really want to go to work, but I am too sick to drive. Source: http://examples.yourdictionary.com/compound-sentence-examples.html |
| Term: Determiner Definition: A determiner is a word or affix that belongs to a class of noun modifiers that expresses the reference, including quantity, of a noun. Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/determiner | Example: all these houses Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/determiner |
| Term: Etymology Definition: An area within historical linguistics which is concerned with the origin and development of the form and meaning of words and the relationship of both these aspects to each other. Source: https://www.uni-due.de/ELE/LinguisticGlossary.html | Example: The etymology of the word ‘etymology’ is complex, as follows: ethimolegia “facts of the origin and development of a word,” from Old French etimologie, ethimologie (14c., Modern French étymologie) from Greek etymologia “analysis of a word to find its true origin,” properly “study of the true sense (of a word)” Source: https://literaryterms.net/etymology/ |
| Term: Polisynthetyc Definition:A reference to a language which has large complex words in which several grammatical categories are fused together. See Incorporating. Source:https://www.uni-due.de/ELE/LinguisticGlossary.html | Example: One example of a polysynthetic word would be the Cherokee word datsigowhtisgv'i which means "I was seeing something facing me." The prefix "da-" means the object is facing the speaker, "tsi-" is the conjugation for a first-person subject ("I"), "gowhti" is the root to see, "-sg-" means a verb has progressive or ongoing action, and "v'i" is past tense. Source: |
| Term: Head Definition: Element within a compound or derived word that determines the syntactic status, or word class, of the whole word. Semantically, also, a compound noun whose head is X usually denotes a type of X. Source:Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. | Example: House is the head of the compound greenhouse. Many linguists would also analyses some derivational affixes as heads, e.g. -er as the head of the noun teacher Source: Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. |
| Term: Homophone Definition: Is a group of two or more letters representing the same speech sound, or homonym. Source:https://glossary.sil.org/term/homophone | Example: Letters with the same speech sound: /c/ in city /s/ in song Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/homophone |
| Term: Cognate Definition: Of words, derived from the same historical source. Source: Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. | Example: The English word father and the French word pere are cognate, both being descended (through Proto-Germanic and Latin respectively) from the same Proto-Indo-European word. Source: Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. |
| Term: Case Definition: Grammatical category expressing the relationship of a noun phrase to the verb in its clause. Source: Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. | Example: "COOK," coquus (nominative) "[the] cook" [as a subject] (e.g. coquus ibī stat - the cook is standing there) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_case |
| Term: Blend Definition: Kind of compound in which at least one of the components is reproduced only partially. Source: Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. | Example: SMOG, combining elements of SMOKE and FOG. Source: Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. |
| Term: Token Definition: Instance or individual ocurrence of a type. Source: Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. | Example: The sentence: Next week I go to Edinburg and next month Alice arrives from Washington contains two tokens of the word form next. Source: Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. |
| Term: Acronym Definition: Blend incorporating only the initial letters of its components. Source: Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. | Example: UNICEF The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. Source: http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-acronyms.html |
| Term: Exocentric Definition: (of a compound or derived word) - lacking a head. Source:Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. | Example: The noun sell-out is exocentric because it contains no component that determines its word class (sell being a verb and out being an adverb). Source: Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. |
| Term: Transitive verb Definition: Verb that is accompanied (generally or in a particular context) by a noun phrase fulfilling the syntactic function of 'object', denoting usually the goal or patient of the action of the verb. Source: Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. | Example: In John eats before going to work, both eats and going are intransitive, but, in John eats breakfast before going to work, eats is transitive, its object being breakfast. Source:Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. |
| Term: Allomorphy Definition: Choice of allomorphs, or (in respect of a morpheme) the characteristic of having more than one allomorph. Source: Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. | Example: [-s] as in [hQts] 'hats' Source: http://www.cis.unimuenchen.de/~fraser/morpholoy_2016/Mini-exercise-allomorphy.pdf |
| Term: Argument Definition: Noun phrase or prepositional phrase that is a required or expected concomitant of a verb. Source: Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. | Example: Sleep normally has one argument (The boy slept) while kick has two (The boy kicked the ball ) and introduce has three (The boy introduced his sister to the visitors). Source: Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. |
| Term: Collocational Restriction Definition: Restriction whereby a word, in the context of (or when collocated with) another specific lexeme, has a literal meaning different from its usual one. Source: Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. | Example: The meaning 'not sweet' for the adjective dry is restricted to the collocation dry wine. Source: Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. |
| Term: Combining form Definition: Bound morpheme, more root-like than affix-like, usually of Greek or Latin origin, that occurs only in compounds, usually with other combining forms. Source: Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. | Example: poly- and -gamy in polygamy. Source: Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. |
| Term: Lexeme Definition: Word seen as an abstract grammatical entity, represented concretely by one or more different inflected word forms according to the grammatical context. Where the distinction is important, lexemes are conventionally represented in small capitals while word forms are in italics. Source: Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. | Example: The verb lexeme PERFORM has four inflected word forms: perform, performs, performing and performed. Source: Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. |
| Term: Affix (Linguistics) Definition: An affix is a bound morpheme that is joined before, after, or within a root or stem. Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/affix-linguistics | Example: stem word: like with affix (prefix): unlike Source: https://writingexplained.org/grammar-dictionary/affix |
| Term: Bound Morpheme Definition: A bound morpheme is a grammatical unit that never occurs by itself, but is always attached to some other morpheme. Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/bound-morpheme | Example: The plural morpheme -s in dogs Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/bound-morpheme |
| Term: Circumfix Definition: A circumfix is an affix made up of two separate parts which surround and attach to a root or stem. The morphological process whereby this is achieved is called circumfixation. Source: | Example: (Tuwali Ifugao, Philippines) The circumfix ka--an is a nominalizer and surrounds a root. -baddang: root ‘help’ v. -ka--an: circumfix ‘NOMR’ -kabaddangan: word ‘helpfulness’ Source: https://glossary.sil.org/circumfix |
| Term: Proverbs Definition: A proverb is a short sentence that people often quote, which gives advice or tells you something about life. Source: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/proverb | Example: Laugh and the world laughs with you, weep and you weep alone. Source: examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-proverbs.html |
| Term: Genitive Case Definition: Genitive case is a case in which the referent of the marked noun is the possessor of the referent of another noun. Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/genitive-case | Example: -The man's foot -The man's brother -The man's singing -The man's book -The man's picture Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/genitive-case |
| Term: Infixation Definition: Infixation is a morphological process whereby a bound morpheme attaches within a root or stem. Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/infixation | Example: bili: root ‘buy’ -um-: infix ‘AGT’ bumili: word ‘bought’ Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/infixation |
| Term: Predictable words Definition: In morphology it often refers to words or chunks of words that have predictability in their meanings. It is often categorized as onomatopoeia and sound symbolism. Source: https://www.slideshare.net/stephanerangaya/sound-symbolism | Example: Onomatopoeia: Roar. Sound Symbolism:buzz. Source: https://www.slideshare.net/stephanerangaya/sound-symbolism |
| Term: Word form Definition: Word viewed as a pronounceable entity, representing concretely a lexeme in some grammatical context. One word form may be shared by more than one lexeme. Source: Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. | Example: [rouz] is shared by the noun ROW 'line of objects' (as its plural form), the noun ROSE (as its basic, or singular, form), the verb ROW 'propel with oars' (as its third person singular present tense form), and the verb RISE (as its past tense form). Source: Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. |
| Term: Cliché Definition: Expression that resembles an idiom in that it is conventional or institutionalized, but differs from an idiom in that its meaning is entirely derivable from the meanings of its components. Source: Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. | Example: At the risk of repeating an old CHICLÉ, what doesn't kill you makes you stronger. Source: https://www.ldoceonline.com/Linguistics-topic/cliche |
| Term: Duallity of pattering Definition: Parallel divisibility of speech into both meaningless units (sounds, syllables) and units with meaning or grammatical function (morphemes, words). Source: Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Editorial Board. | Example: the meaningful English word "cat" is composed of the sounds [k], [æ], and [t], which are meaningless as separate individual sounds (and which can also be combined to form the separate words "tack" and "act", with distinct meanings). Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_articulation |
| Term: Suprafix Definition: A suprafix is a kind of affix in which a suprasegmental is superimposed on one or more syllables of the root or stem, signalling a particular morphosyntactic operation. Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/suprafix | Example: Examples: (English) The placement of stress in the following words signals the difference between a noun and a related verb: 'produce, n. pro'duce, v. Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/suprafix |
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