Models of Memory

Frage	Antworten
Models of Memory	- Multi-store model of memory - Working memory model
Multi-store model	- Sensory register - Attention - Short-term memory - Maintainance rehearsal - Long-term memory - Retrieval
Sensory Register	- Information that is held at each of the senses: Eyes, ears, mouth, eyes and nose, and the corresponding areas of the brain. - Most stimuli don't receive attention and remain in the SR for a very brief duration (milliseconds)
Attention	The first step in remembering - Data is transferred from the SR into the STM
Short-term Memory	- Information used for immediate tasks - Limited duration, so info will decay very quickly if not rehearsed - When rehearsed, information is transferred into the LTM
Maintainance Rehearsal	Repetition keeps information in the STM but after a while, it becomes an LTM - Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed a direct relationship between rehearsal in the STM and strength of the LTM
Long-term Memory	Potentially unlimited duration and capacity - Information is rehearsed but may be forgotten
Retrieval	The process of getting information from the LTM involves the information passing back through STM
Evaluation	Supporting evidence > Controlled lab studies on capacity, duration and coding support the existence of the short and long-term memory > Beardsley (1997) found the prefrontal cortex is active during STM tasks > Squire et al (1992) found the hippocampus to be active during LTM tasks
Evaluation	Case studies > Individuals with brain damage > Scoville and Milner (1957) - Brain damage was caused by the bilateral removal of the hippocampus to reduce severe epilepsy. Could no longer form new LTMs but could remember things from before the surgery
Evaluation	Too simple > MSM suggests that the STM and LTM are unitary stores > See, working memory model: - STM is divided into different stores
Evaluation	LTM involves more than just maintenance > Craik and Lockhart ( 1972) suggested that enduring memories are created by the type of processing you do, rather than just maintenance. > "Deep" - doing more complicated things with the item to be remembered rather than just repeating it
The working memory model	- Central executive - Phonological loop - Visuospatial sketchpad - Episodic buffer
Central Executive	- Directs attention to particular tasks, determining where the brain's resources are allocated - 3 slave systems - Limited capacity
Phonological Loop	- Limited capacity - Deals with auditory info and preserves it - Baddeley (1986) further divided the group into: > Phonological store = like an inner ear > Articulatory process = like an inner voice
Visuospatial Sketchpad	- Used for plans - Info is temporarily stored here - Visual info is what things look like - spatial info is the relationship between things - Logie (1995) > Visual cache = visual items > Inner scribe = arrangement
Episodic Buffer	- Baddeley (2000) - "general store" - non-specific - Limited capacity - Integrates info from the CE, PL and VSS - Maintains a sense of time sequencing - Info is sent to the LTM
Evaluation	Dual Task Performance > Hitch and Baddeley (1976) supported the existence of CE. 1- Occupied the CE = slower 2- Occupied either the articulary loop or CE = faster > Demonstrates dual-task performance
Evaluation	Brain damaged patients > Shallice and Warrington (1970) - Short-term forgetting of auditory info was greater than visual info - Brain damage was restricted to PL
Evaluation	The CE > Not fully understood and too vague > Eslinger and Damasio (1985) - the patient had a brain tumour removed > Performed well on tests requiring reasoning (CE was intact) > Poor decision-making skills (CE wasn't intact)
Evaluation	Brain-damage patients > Case studies > Brain injury is traumatic and can cause a behavioural change in itself so a person may perform worse on certain tasks > Individuals may have other difficulties such as difficulty paying attention

Nächster

Beschreibung

Zusammenfassung der Ressource

ähnlicher Inhalt

	Erstellt von Chanelle Titchener vor mehr als 5 Jahre