Capturing and Harvesting Energy

Frage	Antworten
Chloroplasts	Photosynthesis takes place in this tiny organelle. A single mesophyll cell can contain 40 to 50 of these. They have a double outer membrane and contain the semi-fluid stroma which is embedded with thylakoids (disk shaped interconnected sacs) where the light reactions occur. The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma.
Photosynthesis	Directly trapping solar energy and storing it as chemical energy in the bonds of organic molecules is called what?
How is a leaf well-adapted to photosynthesis?	A leaf's flattened shape exposes a large surface area to the sun and its thinness ensures that sunlight can penetrate to reach the light-trapping chloroplasts inside.
How is photosynthesis performed in oceans and lakes?	It is performed by photosynthetic protists and certain bacteria.
Epidermis	What is the upper and lower surface of the leaf that consist of a layer of transparent cells that is covered by the waxy cuticle?
Cuticle	The purpose of this transparent, waxy, waterproof covering is to reduce the evaporation of water from the leaf.
6H2O 6 water molecules	What is missing from this equation? Light 6CO2 +_____ → C6 H12O6 + 6O2 Chlorophyll
6CO2 6 carbon dioxide molecules	What is missing? Light _____ +6H2O → C6 H12O6 + 6O2 Chlorophyll
C6 H12O6 Glucose	What is missing? Light 6CO2 +6H2O → ________ + 6O2 Chlorophyll
6O2 6 Oxygen	What is missing? Light 6CO2 +6H2O → C6 H12O6 + _________ Chlorophyll
Light Reactions	Chlorophyll and other molecules embedded in the membranes of the choloroplast thylakoids capture sunlight energy and convert some of it into chemical energy stored in the energy-carrier molecules ATP and NADPH. Water is split apart and oxygen gas is released as a by-product.
Energy carrier molecules	ATP and NADPH adenosine triphosphate & nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.
Calvin Cycle	In this reaction enzymes in the fluid stroma that surrounds the thylakoids use Carbon Dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere and chemical energy from the energy-carrier molecules to drive the synthesis of a three carbon sugar that will be used to make glucose.
Light Reactions	What is the "photo" part that captures the light energy and then charges up the energy carrier molecules ADP and NADPH?
Calvin Cycle	What is the "synthesis" part of the process that refers to capturing carbon and using it to synthesize glucose, powered by energy procided by ATP and NADPH?
ADP and NADP+	What are the depleted carriers that are recharged by light reactions into ATP and NADPH which will in turn fuel the synthesis of more sugar molecules?
H2O	Where does the O2 come from in sugar synthesis?
Carbon Dioxide CO2	Where does the carbon come from in sugar synthesis?
Electromagnetic Spectrum	What is the broad spectrum of electromagnetic radiation called?
Photons	What are individual packets of energy that light and other electromagnetic waves are composed of?
Wavelength - short-wavelength = very energetic/ long-wavelength = less energetic.	What does the energy level of a photon correspond to?
pigment molecules	light absorbing molecules
reflected (bounce back), transmitted (passed through) or absorbed (captured)	What are the three things that could happen when a specific wavelength of light strikes an object such as a leaf?
reflected or transmitted	When a wavelength that can be _______________ or ________________ can reach someones eyes.
Chlorophyll A	What is the key light absorbing molecule in chloroplasts which strongly absorb violet, blue and red light but REFLECTS green?
Chlorophyll B BLUEREDORANGE	What is one of the accessory pigments that absorbs some of the blue and red-orange wavelengths of light that are missed by Chlorophyll B and REFLECTS yellow-green light. (BLUEREDORANGE)
accessory pigments	What are the pigments that absorb additional wavelengths of light energy and transfer their energy to Chlorophyll A?
Carotenoids	What is the accessory pigment that is found in all chloroplasts that absorbs blue and green light and reflects yellow.
Photosystems	The thylakoid membranes contain many ____________________ which consist of a cluster of chlorophyll and accessory pigment molecules surrounded by various proteins.
Electron transport chain	Each photosystem has an _______________ _______________ ________________ which consists of a series of electron-carrier molecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane.
Thylakoid membrane ETC path	photosystem II → electron transport chain II →photosystem I → electron transport chain I → NADP⁺
Sequence of Light Reaction	1. Energy transferred from chlorophyll molecules (spring driven pistons. 2. Then transferred to an electron (pin ball). 3. Electron is propelled upward and enters a higher-energy level. 4. As the ball bounces back downhill the energy it releases can be used to generate ATP (turn the wheel) or generate NADPH (ring a bell).
Reaction Center	The ______________ _______________ of each photosystem consists of a pair of specialized cholorphyll a molecules and a PRIMARY ELECTRON ACCEPTOR which is embedded in a complex of proteins. When the energy from light reaches the ___________________ _________________ it boosts an electron from one of the reaction center chlorophylls to the primary electron acceptor which captures the energized protons.
electrons	The reaction center of photosystem II must be supplied continuously with what to replace those that are boosted out of it when energized by light. These replacement electrons come from water.
2 Hydrogen Ions (H⁺)	What does splitting water release that are used in forming the H⁺ gradient that drives ATP synthesis? For every two water molecules split how many molecules of O₂ is produced?
H⁺, ATP	Once the primary electron acceptor in photosystem II captures the electron it passes it to the ETC II then the electron travels from one electron carrier molecule to the next, losing energy as it goes. Some of this energy is used to pump _________ across the thylakoid membrane and into the thylakoid space where it will be used to generate _______.
photosystem I	The final step in the splitting water is that the energy-depleted electron leaves electron transport chain II and enters the reaction center of _________________ ____.

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