Karteikarten
GCSE geography natural environment
Karten in diesem Stapel (61)
- 1GCSE geographyrevision
- 2Natural environment: Confluencewhere two rivers meet
- 3Natural environment: Mouththe end of a river where the river meets the sea/ocean or lake
- 4Natural environment: Sourcewhere a river starts
- 5Natural environment: Water shedthe edge of a rivers drainage basin
- 6Natural environment: Tributarywhere a small river joins a larger river
- 7Natural environment: Channelthe banks and river bed of the river, what the river flows in
- 8Natural environment: Drainage basinan area drained by a river and its tributaries
- 9Natural environment: Hydrologythe study of water
- 10Natural environment: Hydrology cyclelook in book from Mr Macdonald for hydrological cycle
- 11Natural environment: Hydrological cycle terminology: Infiltrationwater soaking into the soil from the surface
- 12Natural environment: Hydrological cycle terminology: Through flowWater moving down hill through the soil layers, generally slowly, but flow may concentrate along the line of roots or soil weaknesses which form natural pipes in which the flow will be much faster
- 13Natural environment: Hydrological cycle terminology: Ground water storesWater held below the water table in aquifers ( natural underground reservoirs)
- 14Natural environment: Hydrological cycle terminology: Percolationwater moving from the surface layers of soil into deeper layers of soil and rock
- 15Natural environment: Hydrological cycle terminology: Evapotranspirationthe combined processes of evaporation and transpiration that result in the loss of water from the leaf. Transpiration is the loss of water from the tiny holes called stomata in the leaf surface. In reality, it is very difficult to calculate the two amounts separately, so they are often grouped together
- 16Natural environment: Hydrological cycle terminology: Interceptionplants trap some of the precipitation so it may not immediately pass to the ground; some water may flow down the stemmed stemflow. Alternatively, the precipitation may evaporate directly off the leaf surface and never reach the ground
- 17Natural environment: Hydrological cycle terminology: Ground water flowwater moving within rocks in the ground
- 18Natural environment: Hydrological cycle terminology: Precipitationwater deposited on the ground as a liquid or as a solid, fro example rain, hail, snow or fog
- 19Natural environment: Hydrological cycle terminology: Channel flowwater moving downhill within rivers
- 20Natural environment: Hydrological cycle terminology: Overland or surface flowwater moving across the surface of the ground which occurs when rain cannot soak quickly enough into the ground due to Tarmac surfaces or hard-baked soil, very heavy rainfall, or when the soil is saturated and infiltration cannot take place (saturated overland flow)
- 21Natural environment: Hydrological cycle terminology: Condensationthe process by which water vapour is converted into water
- 22Natural environment: Hydrological cycle terminology: Depression ( or surface) storagestorage of water in hollows and holes in the ground surface from puddles
- 23Natural environment: Hydrological cycle terminology: EvaporationWater changing from its liquid form to a gas (water vapour) and returning to the atmosphere
- 24Natural environment: Hydrological cycle
- 25natural environment weatheringthe breakdown of rock in situ (this means at that place
- 26natural environment erosionthe wearing away of of the land by the action of rivers, ice, wind and sea
- 27natural environment weathering process 1 of 4 frost shatteingwater gets in to crack > water freezes and expands > crack opens up > rock falls to pieces
- 28natural environment weathering process 2 of 4 onion-skin weatheringrock is heated by the sun and expands > rock cools down and contracts > rock weakened > surface layers peel
- 29natural environment weathering process 3 of 4 biological weatheringanimal digs under rock and into cracks > rocks undercut and cracks widen > rock loosens and breaks up > rocks collapse and fall apart
- 30natural environment weathering process 4 of 4 chemical weatheringrain water contains weak acid > acid attacks rock > rock dissolved or weakened > rock worn away or broken up
- 31natural environment erosion processes 1 of 4 Abrasion/Corrosionriver picks up rocks that it rubs against the beds and banks (sandpapering)
- 32natural environment erosion processes 2 of 4 Attritionrocks carried in the river smooth as they crash into each other
- 33natural environment erosion processes 3 of 4 CorrosionRocks dissolve in water acid
- 34natural environment erosion processes 4 of 4 Hydraulic actionthe force of the water crashes into the beds and banks, breaking them up
- 35natural environment transportation processes 1 of 4 saltationheavier material is bounced along the bed
- 36natural environment transportation processes 2 of 4 solutiondissolved rock is carried invisibly
- 37natural environment transportation processes 3 of 4 suspensionlight material is carried in the flow
- 38natural environment transportation processes 4 of 4 tractionheavy material is rolled along the bed
- 39natural environment soil creep- slow downhill movement
- gravity pulls water in the soil downhill
- soil particles move within the water
- heavy rain speed up the process
- ripples or teracettes are left - 40natural environment slumping- common on rivers
- large area of land moves down slope
- saturated rocks become heavy
- they can collapse under the weight - 41natural environment: Long profilea side view of the river (concave)
- 42natural environment: long profile picture
- 43natural environment: long profile picture
- 44natural environment: upper coursevertical erosion, steep gradient, V-shaped valley, narrow river channel, shallow river, slow flowing (because of friction), small discharge, large rocks
- 45natural environment: middle courseLateral erosion, medium gradient, U-shaped valley, wider river channel, deeper river channel, faster flowing, more discharge, smaller material
- 46natural environment: lower coursemostly deposition, gentle gradient, very broad valley, widest river channel, deepest river channel, fastest flowing, large discharge, silt and suspended load
- 47natural environment: Bradshaw's model of downstream charges in a river
- 48natural environment: river landforms V-shaped valley
- 49natural environment: river land forms waterfalls
- 50natural environment: river landforms meanders
- 51natural environment: river landforms ox bow lakes
- 52Natural environment: river land forms river cliffs
- 53natural environment river landforms interlocking spursVertical erosion is most important near the source. The river cuts down into the bed through hydraulic action, attrition and corrosion. slope movement leads to V-shaped valleys forming. The ridges of land left around which the river runs are called Interlocking spurs.
- 54natural environment river landforms waterfallsThese form where hard and soft rocks are found together, usually in the upper stages of the river. When hard rock is above softer rock erosion is quicker below (by hydraulic action in particular) The hard rock is undercut, is unsupported and collapse. This leaves a plunge pool and a steep sided gorge.
- 55natural environment river landoforms meandersIn the middle stages of the river it has more energy to erode laterally. The fastest flow is on to the outside of the bend causing erosion by mainly hydraulic action. The slower flow is found in the inside of the bend where deposition takes place. these bands can migrate over time leading to wide flat valleys
- 56natural environment river landforms river cliffsThese occur on river banks in the middle stages of the middle/lower stages of the river. The fastest flow is of a meander hits the bank and breaks off material. This is caused by hydraulic action. Where the side collapses and is eroded to a steep bank.
- 57natural environment river landforms Ox bow lakesWhen meanders bend so much that their necks become narrow. Erosion on both sides of the neck narrows the gap until they touch. Floods allow the remaining water to break through the neck and allows the river to travel in a straight line. These features are left behind as deposition blocks it off and the water in the lake will dry up.
- 58natural environment river landforms flood plainsflat land found either side of the river. Migrating meanders can push back or erode valley sides to create a wide flat valley. Flooding of the river can deposit silt/alluvium that flattens the landscape by covering it. On either side of the river there are small hills called bluffs.
- 59natural environment river landforms leevesThey are natural banks found on either side of a river in the floodplain. When a river floods it deposits material. The largest material is dropped first because its heaviest and the smaller material is carried away.
- 60natural environment flooding
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