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| Frage | Antworten |
| anxiety disorders | lifetime prevalence for this is 8-30% |
| anxiety | mood state characterized by strong negative emotion and bodily symptoms of tension in which child anticipates future danger |
| False. many children with anxiety disorders suffer from multiple at a time | You can only be diagnosed with 1 anxiety disorder at once. True or False? |
| neurotic paradox | in a situation where the child knows there's nothing to be afraid of, he/she still fears and tries to avoid the situation (it's very self-defeating) |
| fight/flight response | immediate reaction to perceived danger or threat, aim is to escape potential harm |
| sympathetic nervous system | danger is perceived or anticipated and sent to "this" system responsible for FIGHT/FLIGHT |
| cognitive system | activation of "this" system causes a subjective feeling of apprehension, nervousness, difficulty focusing and panic |
| negative reinforcement | avoidance behaviours provide "THIS" type of reinforcement |
| fear | immediate alarm reaction to current danger or life-threatening emergencies |
| panic | group of physical symptoms of fight/flight response that unexpectedly occur in the absence of any obvious threat or danger |
| girls | "they" rate themselves as MORE fearful |
| school-related fears | these types of fears are stable |
| rituals help children gain control and mastery over environment, makes world predictable and safer | why rituals are so important to children with anxiety |
| SAD (separation anxiety disorder) | characterized by excessive worry regarding separation from home or parents |
| GAD (generalized anxiety disorder) | ongoing/excessive worry about many events and activities |
| social phobia/ social anxiety disorder | severe and unreasonable fear of being embarrassed or humiliated when doing stuff in front of others |
| panic disorder | recurrent, unexpected and severe attacks of anxiety |
| panic disorder with agoraphobia | experience severe anxiety attacks AND avoid situations in which attacks have occurred |
| acute stress disorder | following a traumatic event, youths display short-term symptoms of PTSD lasting less than a month |
| separation anxiety disorder | age inappropriate, disabling anxiety about being apart from parents, 4-10% of all children, more prevalent in GIRLS, age of onset 7-8 years old , school refusal behaviour |
| school refusal behaviour | refusal to attend classes or difficulty remaining in school for an entire day, EQUALLY COMMON in boys/girls, 5-11 mostly, peaks in 2nd grade |
| generalized anxiety disorder | chronic or exaggerated worry and tension, relate every frightening event in media to themselves, 3-6% of all children, onset in late childhood, self-conscious, self-doubting, worried about meeting others' expectations, extremely high standards for their own performance, highly critical when they fall short, **uncontrollable nature of worry** |
| specific phobia | extreme/disabling fear of PARTICULAR OBJECTS or SITUATIONS, really pose little to no danger, 4-10% of children have it, few referred for treatment, peaks at 10-13, onset at ANY AGE |
| evolutionary theory | this theory explains why kids may develop specific phobias, suggests human infants biologically predisposed to learn certain fears alerting them to danger |
| animal, natural, environment, blood-injection-injury, situational, other | 5 subtypes of specific phobias |
| social phobia (social anxiety disorder) | fear of being focus of attention or scrutiny, or doing stuff in public that will be embarrassing, 6-12% of children are affected, girls 2x more likely to be affected than boys, onset= post-puberty, |
| selective mutism | this is displayed in kids with social anxiety disorder/social phobia, they fail to talk in specific social situations, even though they may speak loudly or frequently at home or in other settings, |
| INCREASED hippocampal activation while they appraised how they thought the others would evaluate them, as age increased, neural activity INCREASED in females but stayed the same in males | STUDY: how people with thought preferred peers would evaluate them |
| obsession | persistent, intrusive thought/impulse/idea/image |
| sexual, somatic, religious | common obsessions in adults |
| compulsion | repetitive, purposeful, intentional behaviour (hand washing) |
| washing or bathing | 85% of cases are "this" type of compulsion |
| OCD | prevalence of this in children, adolescents and adults is 1-3% |
| OCD | age of onset of this disorder is 9-12 years old |
| panic attack | sudden and overwhelming period of intense fear or discomfort that is accompanied by 4 or MORE physical and cognitive symptoms characteristic of the fight/flight response |
| panic disorder | recurrent unexpected attacks followed by at least 1 month of persistent concern about having another attack, worry about consequences, or severe change in behaviour relevant to attacks |
| panic disorder | onset for this disorder is LATE, 95% are post-pubertal, 15-19 years old |
| depression | GAD, SAD and social phobia are more commonly associated with "this" than is specific phobia |
| negative affectivity | persistent negative mood, reflected in nervousness, sadness, anger and guilt |
| positive affectivity | persistent positive mood including states such as joy, enthusiasm, and energy |
| classic psychoanalytic theory | anxieties and phobias are defenses against unconscious conflicts rooted in child's early upbringing, anxiety protect child agains unconscious wishes and drives |
| behavioural and learning theories | fears and anxieties were learned through classical conditioning, fears learned by association (ex. little Albert) |
| Bowlby's theory of attachment | fearfulness in children is biologically rooted in the emotional attachment needed for survival, infants must be close to parents if their physical and emotional needs are to be met |
| temperament | psychological and physical reaction to novel or unexpected events differ due to a number of factors |
| 5 times more likely | children of parents with AD are "this" many times more likely to get AD |
| hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA), limbic system (amygdala, hippocampus), ventrolateral prefrontal cortex | these 3 interrelated systems operate together to produce anxiety |
| flooding | exposure is carried out in prolonged and repeated doses until anxiety diminishes, typically combined with response prevention, prevents child from engaging in escape or avoidance behaviours |
| CBT | most effective technique for treating phobias, teaches children to understand how thinking contributes to anxiety, and how to modify their thoughts to decrease symptoms |
| 4 steps of FEAR learned in CBT | f: feeling frightened? (recognize physical symptom), e: expecting bad things (recognize anxious cognitions), a: attitudes and actions that will help (coping self-talk), r: results and reward (evaluate performance and administer self-reward for effort) |
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