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| Frage | Antworten |
| Clinical Assessment | systematic evaluation & measurement of psychological, biological, social factors in an individual presenting w/ a possible psychological disorder |
| Diagnosis DSM V | process of determining whether particular problem afflicting individual meets all the criteria for psychological disorder |
| reliability | Degree to w/h a measurement is consistent. |
| interrater reliability. | - carefully designing assessment devices & conducting research to assure same answers |
| test-retest reliability | -testing and results are stable over time |
| Validity | whether a technique or design measures what it is supposed to measure. |
| concurrent/ descriptive validity | comparing results of one assessment w/ another |
| predictive validity | how your assessment will predict future |
| Standardization | a certain set of standards or norms is determined for a technique to make its use consistent across different measures: age, race, gender, socioeconomic status |
| 5 Clinical assessment strategies and procedures | 1) clinical interview 2) mental status exam 3) physical examination 4) Bhav observation 5) psychological testing |
| clinical interview | gathers past and current Bhav, attitudes, emotions, detailed history of individuals llife, interpersonal history, upbringing, educational history |
| Mental status exam | systematic observation of somebody else's Bhav, inorder to gain psychological disorder |
| 5 Mental status exam steps | 1. Appearance & Bhav 2. Thought processes, delusions, hallucinations 3. Mood & affect, depression 4. Intellectual functioning 5. Sensorium, general awareness of surroundings |
| Unstructured interviews | follow no systematic format for interview |
| Semi structured interview | made up of questions that have been carefully phrased and tested to eleict useful information in a consistent manner to gain important info. |
| persistence distress | how often a thought or Bhav occurs and how much distress it causes |
| resistance | types of attempts patient makes to get rid of obsession |
| physical examination | ability to see toxic state could be caused by bad food, type of medicine through Bhav, cognition, mood |
| Behavioral assessment | uses direct observation to assess formally an individual's thoughts, feelings, Bhav in specific situations or contexts, info gathered explains disorder |
| target Bhav | identified & observed w/ goal of determining factors that seem to influence those Bhav. |
| ABCs of Observation | 1) antecedents 2) Bhav 3) Consequences |
| formal observation | involves identifying specific Bhav that are observable & measurable (operational definition) |
| self-monitoring/ observation | observing one's own Bhav to find patterns |
| Bhav rating scales | used as assessment tools b4 treatment and periodically during treatment to assess changes in persons Bhav |
| reactivity | can distort any observation data, since ppl change their activity while being watched |
| projective tests | methods in w/h ambiguous stimuli such as pictures & inferring what they mean to person |
| Comprehensive system | how the rorschach test should be presented to create validity, reliability |
| Thematic Apperception Test TAT | consists of 31 cards, 30 pictures, one blank, only 20 are used, create dramatic story |
| personality inventories | MMPI, true or false, easy to administer, L-lie scale, F-Infrequency scale, K-Defensiveness scale |
| MMPI-2 | does not take into account composition of general population |
| PCL-R, Revised Psychopathy Checklist | - constellation of Bhav and characteristics that some refer to psychopathy, created by Robert Hare |
| intelligence quotient | calculating intelligence through using mental age |
| deviation ID | deviation score is tested against others at the same age. |
| 3 verbal scales and performance scales | 1) WAIS-III 2) WISC-III 3) WPPSI-RI |
| Neuropsychological testing | Sophisticated tests developed to pinpoint locations of brain dysfunction |
| Bender Visual Motor Gestalt test | in children asked to draw cards that are shown in order to see how many mistakes are made, if to many implies dysfunction, screen instrument |
| 4 Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery | 1) Rhythm test 2)strength of grip test 3) tactile performance test 4) determines precise location of damage |
| false positive | neuropsychological test, assessment error in w/h no pathology is reported when none is actually present |
| false negative | neuropsychological test, assessment error in w/h no pathology is noted when it is actually present |
| neuroimaging | ability to look inside brain through technology |
| SPECT - single photon emission computed tomography | tracer substance is less accurate then PET |
| psychological assessment | measurable changes in Nervous system that reflects emotional and psychological events |
| EEG - electroencephalogram | measures electrical activity in the brain w/ electrodes |
| ERP- event related potential, evoked potential | meaning stimuli |
| alpha waves | healthy relaxed brain patterns |
| delta waves | slower, more irregular waves, deepest relaxed stage of sleep |
| electrodermal responding | skin conductance, galvanic skin response - GSR, measures seat gland controlled by peripheral NS |
| classification | very board, any effort to construct groups or categories & to assign objects or ppl to these categories on basis of their shared attributed & relations |
| taxonomy | classification of entities for scientific purposes |
| nosology | taxonomic system to psychological or medical phenomena or clinical areas |
| nomenclature | names or labels of disorders that make up nosology |
| ICD-10 | International classification of Diseases and Health Related Problems, by WHO |
| classical categorical approach Emil Kraepelin | study of psychopathology, clear underlining cause for disorders |
| dimensional approach | variety of cognition, moods, Bhav w/ w/h patient presents and quantify them on a scale |
| prototypical approach | system for categorizing disorders using both essential, defining characteristics & a range of variation on other characteristics |
| three different approaches need... | 1) validity 2) reliability |
| criterion validity | outcome is the criterion by w/h we judge usefulness of category |
| 5 Diagnoses b4 1980 | 1) great observations 2) 1959 had 9 systems of classification 3) Kraepelin believed there was biological basis for all dysfunction 4) 1948 WHO added mental health disorders to ICD 5) many diff systems in diff. countries |
| DSM-III 1980 3 major changes | 1) atheoretical approach to diagnosis 2) specificity & detail w/ w/h criteria for IDing a disorder were listed from reliability & validity 3) allowed individuals w/ possible psychological disorders to be rated in 5 dimensions |
| multiaxial system | allowed clinician to gather info about functioning in a number of areas rather then limiting |
| 3 DSM IV, 1994 | 1) all changes made based on sound scientific data 2) compatible w/ ICD 3) distinction b/w organically based disorders and psychological based disorders |
| DSM IV, 5 Axis | I. anxiety disorder II. Personality disorder III. identifiable medical condition IV. psychosocial, environmental problems V. current functioning status 1-100 |
| 3 DSM IV cultural add ons | 1) is person are of current culture 2) does client use culturally accurate terms to describe condition 3) how does the person define disability, disorder, sickness |
| Comorbidity | presence of two or more disorders in one individual |
| 3 DSM IV criticisms | 1) emphasizing reliability over validity 2) focusing on old definitions over new scientific knowledge 3) complexity of categories and new information |
| labelling | applying a name to a phenomenon or a pattern of Bha., can acquire negative connotation or be applied erroneously to person rather than Bhav |
| primary care setting | offices, clinics, hospitals |
| disability payments | CPP- Canada Pension Plan for Canadians w/ disability |
| medico-legal system | people who qualify under disorders, can get government or private insurance companies to pay financial reimbursement or disability payments |
| Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) | bias, stigmatization: women who have severe emotional reactions in late luteal phase of menstrual cycle |
| 2 Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) criticisms | 1) little scientific evidence to support 2) stigmatization against women |
| 3 PMS stats | 1) occurs in 20-40% of women 2) 4.6% experience severe symptoms 3) symptoms occur at different types for women |
| 3 worldwide study of PMS | 1) 5-8% of women severe symptoms 2) 14-18% moderate symptoms 3) PMDD is most likely seen as a mood disorder and not a endocrine system dysfunction |
| DSM V 3 changes | 1) delete disorders from appendix 2) promote it to main manual 3) retain in appendix |
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