AQA GCSE Psychology Further Research Methods

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Research methods 2 flashcards for AQA. All the information needed to pass. Just be careful, for the further research methods section you need to know some of the information from the original research method - but we have flashcards fro that as well. Good Luck
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Questionnaire A set of standard questions about a topic that is given to all participants in the survey
Survey A method used for collecting information from a large number of people by asking them questions either by using a questionnaire or an interview
Closed Question A question where the possible responses are fixed. Often yes or no
Open Question A question where the person answering can give any response they like
Ecological Validity The results of the investigation can be said to apply to real life behaviour. They are an accurate account of behaviour in the real world
Closed Questions Advantages -Data is easy to collate -Percentages can be quickly worked out -Responses can be displayed graphically
Closed Questions Disadvantages -Little detail is given -Answers can't be explained -Options offered may not be clear enough or not representative of what the respondent wishes to say
Open Questions Advantages -Lot's of detail and information provided -Answers can be explained -Answers given are representative of what they wish to say
Open Questions Disadvantages -Very hard to collate -When categories are formed depth and detail is lost
Questionnaires Disadvantages -May be ambiguous -Leading Questions -Emotive questions may upset people -Social desirability
Questionnaires Advantages -A lot of data can be collected quickly -Can use open and closed questions each with their own advantages -Ethical
Interview A method in which a researcher collects data by asking questions directly
Structured Interview An interview in which all the questions are pre-set, given in a fixed order and every interviewee is asked the same questions
Unstructured Interview An interview in which only the first question is set and all the other questions are determined by the answers of the interviewee
Types of Interviews -Face to face -On the phone -Over skype
Unstructured Interview Advantages -Detailed -Ecological Validity -large amounts of data -Provide information that cannot be merely observed
Unstructured Interview Disadvantages -Researcher does not know if interviewee is truthful (inaccurate) -Difficult to collate and analyse
Structured Interviews Advantages -large amounts of data -Provide information that cannot be merely observed -Easily collated and analysed
Structured Interview Disadvantages -Researcher does not know if interviewee is truthful (inaccurate) -Lack detail -Interviewer is unable to ask a clarifying question
Natural Observation Watching the behaviour of people who are in their usual environment
Categories of Behaviour The separate actions that are recorded as examples of the target behaviour
Inter-Observer reliability when this is high the records made by more than one observer in a study are considered to be accurate because they match or are very similar to each other
Natural Observation VS Observation study Natural observation are conducted in the participants' natural environment. Observation studies can be natural observations but can also be conducted in a lab setting
Observation Advantages -High in ecological validity -No misleading information given
Observation Disadvantages -Researchers don't know why the behaviour occurred -Mistakes may be made when interpreting behaviour (inaccurate) -Unethical due to no consent -Difficult and time-consuming
Case Study an in-depth investigation of an individual, a small group or an organisation
Case Study Advantages -Detailed information provided about individuals (rather than score) -Record behaviour over time -One case study can disprove entire theory (prompt new research)
Case Study Disadvantages -Very subjective -Interpretations can be biased (unreliable) -Case study is unique (no generalisation) -Ethical issues (confidentiality, withdrawal, protection)
Relationship A connection between two or more variables
Correlation A technique used by researchers to establish the strength of a relationship between two variables CORRELATION does not imply CAUSATION
Positive correlation A relationship between two variables in which, as the variable of one variable increases, the value of the other variables also increases
Negative correlation A relationship between two variables in which, as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other variable decreases
No correlation There is no relationship between the two variables
Correlation Advantage -Allows a researcher to see if two variables are connected -Can be used when experiment is impossible/unethical (e.g. smoking)
Correlation Disadvantages -Doesn't indicate which of the two variables caused the relationship -Large amounts of data needed
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