key terms and words

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A level Biology Karteikarten am key terms and words, erstellt von freya hinks am 11/04/2017.
freya hinks
Karteikarten von freya hinks, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
freya hinks
Erstellt von freya hinks vor mehr als 7 Jahre
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abiotic condition a non-living feature of an ecosystem
abundance the number of individuals of one species in a particular area
acetylation attachement of an acetyl group to something
acetylcholine (ACh) a neurotransmitter that binds to cholinergic receptors
acetyl coenzyme A (AcetylCoA) a coenzyme involved in respiration which transfers acetate from one molecule to another
acquired mutation a mutation you develop during your lifetime
actin the thin myofilament protein in muscle fibres
actin-myosin cross bridge the bond formed when a myosin head binds to an actin filament
activator a transcription factor that increases the rate of transcription
active transport movement of molecules and ions across plasma membranes against a concentration gradient which requires energy
adaptation a feature that increases an individuals chance of survival and reproduction
ADP (adenosine diphosphate) a molecule made of adenine, a ribose sugar and 2 phosphate groups, and ATP is synthesised from ADP and Pi (a phosphate group)
adrenaline a hormone secreted from the adrenal glands which can increase blood glucose concentration
allele one or more alternative versions of the same gene
allele frequency how often an allele occurs in a population
allopatric speciation where speciation occurs as a result of geographic isolation
ammonification where nitrogen compounds from dead organisms or waste material are turned into ammonium compounds by saprobionts
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) a hormone that regulates the water potential of the blood by controlling the permeability of the cells of the distil convoluted tubule and the collecting duct in the kidney
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) a molecule made of adenine, a ribose sugar and 3 phosphate groups, and it is the immediate source of energy in a cell
ATP hydrolase an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and Pi
ATP synthase an enzyme that catalyses the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi
ATP - phosphocreatine (PCr) system a system that generates ATP very quickly by phosphorylating ADP and using a Pi from phosphcreatine
atrioventricular node (AVN) a group of cells in the heart wall that is responsible for passing waves of electrical activity from the SAN on to the bundle of His
autonomic nervous system a division of the peripheral nervous system that controls unconscious activities, e.g. heart rate
autosomal linkage when two genes are located on the same autosome and are inherited by the offspring together
autosome a chromosome that isn't a sex chromosome
benign tumour a non-cancerous tumour
biomass the mass of living material in an organism
biotic condition a living feature of an ecosystem
bunde of His a group of muscle fibres in the heart, responsible for conducting waves of electrical activity from the AVN to the Purkyne fibres
cardiomyocyte a heart muscle cell
carrying capacity the maximum stable population size of a species that an ecosystem can support
causal relationship where a change in one variable causes a change in the other
cDNA (complementary DNA) a DNA copy of mRNA made using reverse transcriptase
chemical mediator a chemical messenger that acts locally, i.e. on nearby cells
chemiosmosis the process of electrons flowing down the electron transport chain and creating a proton gradient across a membrane to drive ATP synthesis
cholinergic synapse a synapse that uses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
climax community the largest and most complex community of plants and animals an ecosystem can support
codominant allele an allele whose characteristic appears together with another allele in the phenotype because neither allele is recessive
codon a base triplet in DNA or mRNA that codes for an amino acid
coenzyme a molecule that aids the function of an enzyme, which work by transferring a chemical group form one molecule to another
community all the populations of different species in a habitat
compensation point the point where photosynthesis in a plant exactly matches its rate of respiration
cone a photoreceptor cell found in the eye that gives information in colour
conservation the protection and management of species and habitats (ecosystems) in a sustainable way
control group a group in a study that is treated in exactly the same way as the experimental group, apart from the factor that you're investigating
coordinator part of the nervous system which formulates an appropriate response to a stimulus before sending impulses to an effector
dehydrogenase an enzyme that transfers hydrogen and electrons from one molecule to another
denitrification the process where nitrates in the soil are converted into nitrogen gas by denitrifying bacteria
depolarisation a decrease in the potential difference across a cells membrane, making it less negative that the resting potential
diabetes mellitus type 1 a condition where blood glucose concentration cant be controlled properly because the body doesn't produce any insulin, which occurs from a young age
diabetes mellitus type 2 a condition where blood glucose concentration cant be controlled properly because the body doesn't produce enough insulin or the body cells don't respond properly to insulin, which occurs due to a poor diet
dihybrid inheritance the inheritance of two characteristics which are controlled by different genes
directional selection where individuals with alleles for a single extreme phenotype are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on their alleles
disruptive selection where individuals with alleles for phenotypes at the extreme ends of a range are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on their alleles
DNA polymerase an enzyme that joins together the nucleotides on a new strand of DNA during DNA replication
DNA probe a short, single strand of DNA that has a complementary base sequence to part of a target gene
DNA sequencing a technique used to determine the order of bases in a section of DNA
dominant allele an allele whose characteristic appears in the phenotype even when theres only one copy
ecosystem all the organisms living in a community plus all the abiotic conditions in the area in which they live
effector a cell that brings about a response to a stimulus
electrochemical gradient a concentration gradient of ions
electron transport chain a chain of proteins down which excited electrons flow
epigenetic control (of gene expression) the attachment of removal of chemical groups to or from DNA of histone proteins, which determines if a gene is switched on or off
epistasis when an allele of one gene masks the expression of the alleles of other genes
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