Psychology A2 - Relationships

Frage	Antworten
Filter Model AO1	Kerckhoff and Davies: 'Field of availables' --> 'Field of desirables' Filter 1) Social/Demographic Filter 2) Similarity of attitudes and values Filter 3) Complimentary of emotional needs
Filter Model AO2 - Support	Kerckhoff and Davies: longitudinal study, student couples, < or > 18 months, found attitude sim. was more important up to 18 months, after that was meeting of psych. needs Sprecher: couples matched in physical attractiveness, social background and interests stayed together longer Gruber-Baldini, Schaie and Wilis: couples became more similar in attitudes as time went on
Filter Model AO2 - Issues	Fails to capture dynamic, fluid nature of relationships IDA: Ethnocentric - culture bias
RNST AO1	Byrne and Clore: Based on principles of conditioning - operant (enter into relationships because we directly associate person with reinforcing stimuli) and classical (good party + person = good feelings)
RNST AO2 - Support	Griffit and Guay: p's evaluated on creative task, asked to rate how much they liked the experimenter - those who were rated nicely said they liked the person more, shows reinforcement is necessary Aron et al.: psych support - those who were high on self-report q of romance also showed strong activity in certain parts of brain - romantic love associated with raised dopamine Aron et al.: brain reward system evolved to speed up mating process
RNST AO2 - Issues	Hays: gain satisfaction from giving as well as receiving IDA: Lott: culturally biased - collectivist cultures more focused on needs of others, not needs of individual Most studies are lab studies - lacks mundane realism
Similarity AO1	Byrne, Clore and Smeaton: People more attracted to those they're similar to; emphasises importance of similarity in LTR
Similarity AO2 - Support	Condon and Crano: by ruling out dissimilar people we lessen the chance of being rejected; sharing traits with them also validates them as potential partners
Similarity AO2 - Issues	Rosenbaum: dissimilarity might be more important - dissimilarity-repulsion hypothesis supported in many other cultures Yoshida: similarity focuses on too narrow a range of factors - reductionist
Social Exchange Theory AO1	Thibault and Kelley: 'economic' theory - all relationships are series of exchanges where individuals minimise costs and maximise rewards: rewards-costs=outcome (profit or loss) CL developed to let us determine whether potential relationship = good, and CLA developed to let us know if alternatives = good
Social Exchange Theory AO2 - Support	Rusbalt and Martz: can explain why people stay in abusive relationships Gottman and Levenson: successful marriages have more pos. interactions than neg. Simpson et al.: those in relationships rated others as less attractive - supports CL
Social Exchange Theory AO2 - Issues	Simpson et al.: fails to quantify disparity in CL before it becomes unsatisfactory Duck and Sants: focuses too much on individual's perspective, ignores social aspects IDA: Moghaddam: cultural bias - very individualist, so ethnocentric
Equity Theory AO1	Waglster et al.: suggests dissatisfaction = unequitable relationship, satisfaction = equitable Equity judged by perceived ratio of inputs to outputs
Equity Theory AO2 - Support	DeMaris: most important factor in marital disruption is woman's sense of being underbenefitted Clark and Mills: important in 'exchange' relationships, e.g. business partners
Equity Theory AO2 - Issues	Clark and Mills: not so important in 'communal' relationships, e.g. lovers or friends Ragsdale and Brandau-Brown: not a key determiner in success of relationships Steil and Weltman: gender differences - men and women judge equity differently
Sexual Selection AO1	Darwin: intra- and intersexual selection Buss: men more likely to engage in ST sex as spreads their genes Buss and Schmitt: men lower standards in STS and show decrease in attraction after sex Buss: women more particular about LTM, as they're stuck with baby - man needs to provide protection and care, show promise as good partner, and will land minimal costs
Sexual Selection AO2 - Support	Buss: 10,000 p's in 37 cultures, found certain universal features Penton-Voak et al.: female mate choice varies across menstrual cycle Prevents 'stupid' mating
Sexual Selection AO2 - Issues	MPs waste of time and energy and can impede attempts at mating Kenrick et al.: teenage boys prefer older women Greiling and Buss: men couldn't engage in all this STS without willing females - gender bias
Parental Investment AO1	Maternal investment: female investment > male investment due to internal fertilisation; human babies born helpless so mother has to help; costs of maternal investment make random mating costly for women Paternal investment: males invest less; must protect themselves from cuckoldry; sexual jealousy evolved as response to this
Parental Investment AO2 - Support	Baker and Beltis: around 14% of the population was the product of an affair - marry someone with good prospects then shop around for good genes Buss et al.: male US students more worried about sexual infidelity, women more concerned about emotional infidelity Daly and Wilson: cuckoldry can be good - financial gain etc.
Parental Investment AO2 - Issues	Harris: men tended to show gr8r physiological arousal to any sexual imagery, not just those that involve infidelity Dunbar: males do invest, as successful childrearing pays off as it leads to decrease in infant mortality (Reid) Anderson: men don't discriminate between own children and stepchildren Rowe: theory of paternal investment is reductionist - lots of other social and personal factors that account for behaviour
Reasons for Breakdown AO1	Duck: three main reasons for breakdown 1) Lack of skills (e.g. poor social skills) 2) Lack of stimulation (e.g boredom) 3) Maintenance difficulties (distance often quoted as important factor in breakdown)
Reasons for Breakdown AO2 - Support	IDA: importance of social skills led to CCET programme, leads to sig. higher marital happiness Boekhout et al.: another key reason is infidelity, but this can be directly due to any of the three reasons
Reasons for Breakdown AO2 - Issues	Rohfling: maintenance difficulties not so bad - 70% of students have experienced LDR and 90% have experienced LDF Holt and Stone: so long as people meet up frequently there's no decrease in satisfaction Brehm and Kassin: gender differences - women more likely to stress unhappiness, men more upset by 'sexual withholding'
Model of Breakdown AO1	Rollie and Duck: 5 processes involved Intrapsychic --> Dyadic --> Social --> Grave-dressing --> Resurrection
Model of Breakdown AO2 - Support	Tashiro and Frazier: support for existence of all stages when looking at real-life couples and breakdowns Stresses importance of communication and poss. of repair, if help is offered during stages
Model of Breakdown AO2 - Issues	IDA: Ethical issues - breakdown research sensitive area with potentially vulnerable participants
Parent-Child Relationships AO1	Shaver et al.: adult relationships (and esp. attitudes towards love) based on 3 behavioural systems gained in infancy: attachment, caregiving and sexuality systems Based on Bowlby's internal working model Springer et al.: abuse/neglect can lead to development of attachment disorders Van der Kolk and Fisler: those who suffered childhood abuse had trouble forming healthy attachments, formed disorganised attachments instead
Parent-Child Relationships AO2 - Support	Fraley: meta-analysis showed link between attachment type and later relationships Simpson et al.: ongoing longitudinal study - emotional styles in adulthood can be traced back to childhood Berenson and Anderson: support that abused children have difficulty forming adult relationships - distance themselves from anyone who reminds them of their abuser
Parent-Child Relationships AO2 - Issues	IDA: Simpson et al.: despite findings, doesn't indicate individual's path unalterably determines future - determinist
Interaction with Peers AO1	Qualter and Munn: children also learn from experiences shared with other children, develop sense of own value Adolescent relationships allow separation from parents and development of sexual/emotional intimacy Nangle et al.: children's friendships are training ground for adult relationships Madsen: moderate- or low-freq. dating predicted higher quality relationships
Interaction with Peers AO2 - Support	Richard and Schneider: girls have more intimate friendships - gender diffs attributed to sort of play children engage in Suomi and Harlow: support from studies of NHA - importance of interactions with peers for later development; privation = later extreme social inadequacies
Interaction with Peers AO2 - Issues	Erwin: gender diffs. overemphasised, should focus on gender sims. instead Negative effects: early dating linked to deviance and lack of achievement, so shouldn't be encouraged
Culture AO1	Voluntary vs. Non-Voluntary Relationships Western culture - more geographical/social mobility, so remarkably easy to be in voluntary relationships; Western cultures emphasise individual freedom, moreso than NWC Seepersad et al.: members of WC more likely to experience loneliness in absence of rom. rel.
Culture AO2 - Support	Low divorce rates for non-Western, non-voluntary marriages emphasises importance of culture Jankowiak and Fischer: love is evolutionary adaption, supported by finding that most cultures have evidence of rom. love
Culture AO2 - Issues	Myers et al.: no difference in marital satisfaction between voluntary (UK) and non-voluntary (India) marriages IDA: Cultural bias reinforced by Western media - US romcoms represent culturally biased view of rom. relationships and portrays it as the norm (Johnson and Holmes)

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Psychology A2 - Relationships

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