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| Frage | Antworten |
| What is the antisocial personality? | Psychopath/sociopath- show no regard for others, cares very little about rights, feelings or happiness of others, impulsive, easily irritated, assaultive, reckless, can manipulate. |
| When doe the behavioural problems start with Antisocial personality? | In childhood, and worsen as child grows up |
| What is borderline personality? | Instability, aggressive, unpredictable, and intense relationships, strong emotions, higher rate of being victim of physical/sexual child abuse, neglect or early paternal loss. |
| What is the histrionic personality? | Excessive attention-seeking, emotionality, opinions are shallow and easily changed, displayed strong emotion in public and excessive need for attention |
| What are the two types of well-being Keyes et al. (2002) defined? | Subjective and psychological well-being |
| What is the narcissistic personality? | Need to be admired, self-importance, lack of insight into other's feelings, a sense of superiority. |
| What is the narcissistic paradox? | Appear to be strong but self-esteem is quite fragile |
| What is subjective well-being? | Relativity short-term evaluation, representing a balance between feelings of positive and negative emotions, pleasure attainment and pain avoidance. |
| What are eccentric group of disorders? | Ways of being odd, different or peculiar. Schizoid, schizotypal, paranoid personalities |
| What is the schizoid personality? | Detached from normal social relations, experiences, little pleasure form bodily or sensory experiencies, inept or socially clumsy can be passive in face of unpleasant event |
| What is psychological well-being? | Longer term psychological well-being, resulting from the engaged with individual development and challenges within life, individual looking for meaning and self-reflection in life |
| How is subjective well-being measured? | PANAS and Life statisfication (SWLS) |
| What are the six aspects of psychological well-being? | Autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, purpose in life, positive relations with others, self-acceptance |
| What evidence is there for Keyes et al. (2002) two types of well-being? | Keyes et al. (2008) factor analysis, two factors with the different traits loading on different factors |
| What is Kashdan et al. (2008) criticism of the two well-beings? | It is not consistent with theory |
| What have various studies found in terms of personality traits and positive/negative affect? | Positive related to extroversion, negative to nerucoticism |
| How is extroversion related to psychological well-being? | High positive relationships with others |
| How does neuroticism related to psychological well-being? | Low on all factors of it |
| How is conscientiousness related to psychological well-being? | Higher purpose in life and personal growth |
| How does openness relate to psychological well-being? | Higher autonomy |
| How does agreeableness relate to psychological well-being? | Higher positive relations with others |
| What is the World Health Organisation (1948) definition of health? | Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social-welling and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity |
| What is Seyle (1956) definition of stress? | Stress is a non-specific response to any kind of stimuli the individual perceives as noxious and threatening. |
| What are the three stages of the General Adaption syndrome of stress? | Alarm reaction(fight or flight) resistance stage(physical reaction dies down but other processes are started) exhaustion stage (body capacity to resist stressor becomes exhausted) |
| In the General Adaption Syndrome when physical/mental illness develops? | Exhaustion stage |
| What did Stein et al. (2004) find about depression? | Likely to arise with anxiety. |
| Lopez and Murray (1998) found what about depression? | Depression highest cause of disability worldwide |
| What does clinical depression involve? | Emotional symptoms, cognitive symptoms, somatic symptoms, and behavioral symptoms |
| Depression scales are influenced by... | The DSM |
| What is the schizotypal personality? | Anxious in social situation, suspicious of others, odd and eccentric, unusual perceptions and experiences, thoughts and speech sometimes disorganised |
| What is paranoid personality? | Distrustful of others, often misinterprets social events, resentment towards others, pathological jealousy, argumentative and hostile nature |
| What is the anxious group of disorders? | Ways of being nervous, fearful or distressed. Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive |
| What is the avoidance personality? | Feeling of inadequacy, sensitive to criticism, restrict their activities to avoid embarrassment, low self-esteem. |
| What could avoidance personality also be? | Social phobia |
| What is the dependent personality? | Excessive need to be taken care of, submissive, avoids disagreement, seeks out reassurance from others, may not work well independently, may tolerate abuse from others to obtain support |
| What is the obsessive-compulsive personality? | Preoccupied with order, strives for perfection, devoted to work, seeks little leisure time or friendship, frequently miserable or stingy, rigid, inflexible, stubborn. |
| What is the categorical method of diagnosis? | List of symptoms, and need a certain amount to have diagnosis |
| What are problems with the categorical approach of diagnosis? | Categories not structured, disorders aren't clearly segregated, people in same category can vary dramatically, may have multiple disorders, possibly hierarchical over clusters |
| In the categorical approach what are the categories based on? | Clinical judgement, not empirical distinctions |
| What is the evidence of the categories may not be clearly segregated? | Borderline and histrionic co-occur almost in 50% of cases |
| What is reliability of categorical approach? | Poor inter-rater reliability, no opportunity for graded disorder, binary decision |
| What is validity of categorical approach? | Overlap with other mental illness disorder, different definitions of disorders, DSM keeps changing |
| What is dimension approach? | Disorders are extremes of normal traits, co-ordinate approach -score on DSM categories, factor analysis on disordered traits - new disordered personality dimensions |
| What did Widiger et al. (1987) do? | Took criteria from DSM personality disorders, created series questions in a structured interview, scores for each DSM category. |
| What were the results Widiger et al. (1987)? | High Cronbach's alpha apart from Schizoptypal, shizoid and compulsive. Strong inter-correlations. |
| What does Widiger et al. (1987) fall into? | Co-ordinates approach of dimension |
| What did Livesley et al. (1990) do? | Self-report statements for 100 personality disorder traits from DSM, factor analysis on general population (non-clinical) and a clinical population |
| What were the results of Livesley et al. (1990)? | 15 narrow traits of personality disorder, and four clusters; emotional disregulation, dissocial behaviour, inhibitedness, complusivity |
| How did the results of Livesley et al. (1990) map onto the big five? | Emotional disregulation- high neuroticism low openness + agreeableness, Dissocial behaviour- low agreeableness, inhibition-high extroversion, complusivity-conscientiousness |
| How could personality cause illness? | By personality causing certain biological activity, or leads people to engage in behaviours which cause illness |
| What could biological causes lead to? | Personality and illness, making the link correlational |
| What could illness lead to? | Personality |
| Who found in a meta-review of 45 studies type A have 20% increased risk of cardiovascular illness, and poor outcomes following coronary heart disease? | Chida and Steptoe (2009) |
| What is Glass' (1977) definition of Type A? | Striving competitivity for achievement in many areas in life, sense of urgency with everything they do, high levels of urgency |
| Hostility is correlated with poor health outcome, what evidence does Swarez et al. (2002) give for hostility leading to poor health? | Hostile men produce more c-reactive protein, related to cardiovascular disease. |
| What are the two ideas of type A and bad health? | Stress and hostility being the cause of illness |
| What is the definition of a disorder? | A pattern of behaviour or experience which is distressing and painful to person, leading to disability and is associated with increased risk of further suffering |
| What is abnormal? | Anything different from normal, behaviour which society deems unacceptable |
| What are things deemed by society as unacceptable? | Disorganized thoughts, trouble living in community, ineffective efforts at coping, behaviours which harm more than hope |
| What is a personally disorder? | An enduring pattern of experience and behaviour which differ greatly from the expectations of the individual's culture. |
| What is key about the behaviour to be deemed abnormal? | Pattern is rigid, displayed across variety of situations, not a result of drug abuse, medication or a medical condition |
| What is the categorical view of disorders? | People with disorder are in one category, people without in another |
| What is the dimensional view? | People with and without disorder, differ in degree only, a continuum approach. |
| What view does the DSMIV take? | Catergorical |
| What are the three groups of personality disorders fall into in the DSM? | Erratic, eccentric, anxious |
| What should be considered about the three groups? | Overlap of criteria, extreme or normal categories, how to test characteristics |
| What is the erratic group? Definition and four disorders. | Ways of being unpredictable, violent or emotional. Antisocial, boderline, histronic, and narcissistic personalities disorder |
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