Unit 1: The Age of Discovery, Exploration, and Colonial Development

Question	Answer
Beringia	Land bridge formerly connecting Asia and North America that is now submerged beneath the Bering Sea.
Agricultural Revolution	The gradual shift from hunting and gathering to cultivating basic food crops that occurred worldwide from 7000 to 9000 years ago.
Eastern Woodland Cultures	Term given to Indians from Northeast region who lived on the Atlantic coast and supplemented farming with seasonal hunting and gathering.
Columbian Exchange	The exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between Europe and the Americas from first contact throughout the era of exploration.
Conquistadores	Sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers, often of noble birth, who subdued the Native Americans and created the Spanish empire in the New World.
Treaty of Tordesillas	Treaty negotiated by the pope in 1494 that divided the world along a north-south line in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, granting Spain all lands west of the line and Portugal lands east of the line.
Encomienda System	An exploitative system by Spanish rulers that granted conquistadors control of Native American villages and their inhabitants’ labor.
Virgin of Guadelupe	Apparition of the Virgin Mary that has become a symbol of Mexican nationalism.
Coureurs de bois	Fur trappers in French Canada who lived among the Native Americans.
Protestant Reformation	Sixteenth-century religious movement to reform and challenge the spiritual authority of the Roman Catholic Church.
The Spanish Armada	Spanish fleet sent to invade England in 1588.
Joint-stock company	Business enterprise that enabled investors to pool money for commerce and funding for colonies.
House of Burgesses	The elective representative assembly in colonial Virginia.
Headright	System of land distribution in which settlers were granted a 50-acre plot of land from the colonial government for each servant or dependent they transported to the New World. It encouraged the recruitment of a large servile labor force.
Mayflower Compact	Agreement among the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower in 1620 to create a civil government at Plymouth Colony.
Puritans	Members of a reformed Protestant sect in Europe and America that insisted on removing all vestiges of Catholicism from religious practice.
Great Migration	Migration of 16000 Puritans from England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony during the 1630s.
Antinomianism	Religious belief rejecting traditional moral law as unnecessary for Christians who possess saving grace and affirming that a person could experience divine revelation and salvation without the assistance of formally trained clergy.
Quakers	Members of a radical religious group, formally known as the Society of Friends, that rejects formal theology and stress each person’s “inner light”, a spiritual guide to righteousness.
Indentured servant	Persons who agreed to serve a master for a set number of years in exchange for the cost of transport to America. Indentured servitude was the dominant form of labor in the Chesapeake colonies before slavery.
Yeomen	Southern small landholders who owned no slaves, and who lived primarily in the foothills of the Appalachian and Ozark mountains.
Royal African Company	Slaving company created in meet colonial planters’ demands for black laborers.
Mercantilism	Mercantilism assumed that the supply of wealth was fixed. To increase its wealth, a nation needed to export more goods than it imported. Favorable trade and protective economic policies and colonial possessions rich in raw materials were important in achieving this balance.
Enumerated goods	Raw materials, such as tobacco, sugar, and rice, that were produced in British colonies and under the Navigation Acts had to be shipped only to England or its colonies.
Navigation Acts	Commercial restrictions that regulated colonial commerce to favor England’s accumulation of wealth.
Bacon’s Rebellion	An armed rebellion in Virginia (1675-1676) led by Nathaniel Bacon against the colony’s royal governor, Sir William Berkeley.
Dominion of New England	Incorporation of the New England colonies under a single appointed royal governor that lasted from 1686-1689.
Glorious Revolution	Replacement of James II by William III and Mary II as English monarchs in 1688, marking the beginning of constitutional monarchy in Britain.
Spectral evidence	In the Salem witch trials, the court allowed reports of dream and visions in which the accused appeared as the devil’s agent to be introduced as testimony. The accused had no defense against this kind of “evidence”. When the judges later disallowed this testimony, the executions for witchcraft ended.

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Unit 1: The Age of Discovery, Exploration, and Colonial Development

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