17141261
Description
Flashcards by Simeon Crane, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Simeon Crane
almost 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is the HbA1c target value for people with Type 1 Diabetes? | <48mmol/mol |
| Name the 6 viruses that have been shown to trigger Type 1 Diabetes | -Mumps -Rubella -Enteroviruses -Rotaviruses -Cytomegalovirus -Epstein-Barr Virus |
| What are the two most common symptoms presented by patients with T1DM? | Polydipsia and polyuria |
| What are the 7 environmental components that could trigger Type 1 Diabetes? | - Chemicals -Viruses -Bacteria -Psychological stress -Food components -Energy intake -Perinatel factors |
| Name 4 long acting insulin brands | Glargine Detemir Lantus Levimer |
| What are the two methods to isolate a gene for cloning and expression? | -Polymerase chain reaction - Restriction endonucleases |
| What 2 organisms are second generation recombinant insulins produced in? | -E.coli -Yeast |
| What is upstream and downstream processing? | Upstream refers to the material inputs needed for production. Downstream is where products get produced and distributed. |
| What is the EMEA? | European Medicines Agency |
| What is the onset of action on Insulin Aspart (Novorapid)? | 10-20 minutes |
| Give 4 requirements of inhaled insulin devices? | Portable Convenient to use Give reproducible delivery to the lower airways where absorption is good Avoid delivering insulin too fast |
| Give 4 advantages of insulin pumps | - Avoiding insulin injections - Greater freedom and flexibility - Fewer large swings in blood glucose -Improvements in HBA1c |
| What 4 properties should replacement Beta cells ideally have? | - Capable of expansion to usual numbers - Glucose responsive insulin secretion - Able to control proliferative capacity - Able to invade immune destruction |
| What 3 immunosuppressive drugs are given after an islet transplantation | -Tacrolimus -Sirolimus -Alemtuzumab |
| What are the 3 microvascular complications of diabetes? | - Retinopathy - Neuropathy - Nephropathy |
| Name 3 conditions where organ donation is ruled out completely | - A cancer that has spread - A severe or untreated infection - Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) |
| Where is Insulin secreted from? | Beta cells in the Islet of Langerhans of the pancreas |
| What is the major role of Insulin? | The uptake and storage of glucose into cells to be used for energy |
| What is Glycogen? | A polysaccharide glucose polymer that is stored in the liver |
| What effect does insulin have on Glycogen? | Promotes synthesis of glycogen and blocks glycogenolysis (the breakdown of glycogen) |
| What is gluconeogenesis? | The formation of glucose in the liver from non-carb sources e.g. lactate and fatty acids |
| Where is Glucagon produced? | In the alpha cells in the Islet of Langerhans |
| What are the 3 measurable signs of Diabetic Ketoacidosis? | Blood glucose above 11mmol/L Blood ketones above 3mmol/L Blood pH under 7.3 |
| What is the onset of action of insulin lispro? | 15 minutes |
| What is the onset of action of insulin glargine? | 1.1 Hours |
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