1778751
Description
Flashcards by Agatha Lowe, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Agatha Lowe
almost 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| List and define 5 types of cellular adaptations | Hypertrophy - increase in cellular size Hyperplasia - increase in number of cells Atrophy - reduction in cell size Metaplasia - differentiation of cell type Dysplasia - loss of differentiation |
| List some possible causes of cell injury | oxygen deprivation, physical agents, chemicals, toxins, drugs, infectious agents, immunologic reactions, genetic derangements, nutritional deficiences/imbalances |
| What happens as a result of mitochondrial damage? | -Increased glycolysis, causing reduction in pH and chromatin clumping -Release of pro-apoptotic factor cytochrome C |
| Describe the gross appearance of an organ which has undergone vacuolar/hydropic degeneration | Organs are enlarged, pale and turgid. |
| Describe how hypoxia can lead to extensive vacuolation | Hypoxia ➡ reduced ATP production ➡ sodium and water enter cell, potassium leaves ➡ increase in osmotic pressure ➡ water enters ➡ extensive vacuolation |
| Give 2 consequences of carbon tetrachloride induced cell damage | 1. Fatty liver 2. Irreversible cell injury with degeneration and death |
| Give 5 features of reversible cell injury | 1. Generalised cell and organelle swelling 2. Membrane blebbing 3. Detachment of ribosomes from ER 4. Clumping of nuclear chromatin 5. Cell can repair these alterations |
| Give 5 features of irreversible cell injury? | 1. Severe ER swelling and detachment of ribosomes 2. Severe mitochondrial swelling 3. Lysosome rupture 4. Membrane fragmentation 5. Nuclear rupture and chromatin fragmentation |
| Give 3 sources of calcium in cell injury | 1. Extracellular space 2. Mitochondria 3. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
| What happens as a result of increased cytosolic calcium? | Activation of cellular enzymes - phospholipase, proteases, endonucleases, ATPase Final outcome - membrane damage, nuclear damage, depletion of ATP |
| How can reactive oxygen species be generated? | -reduction-oxidation reactions -absorption of radiant energy -rapid bursts of activates leukocytes -transition metals can catalyse formation -NO generated by cells can act as a free radical |
| Define hypoxia | Oxygen deficiency |
| Possible causes of hypoxia | Heart failure, respiratory failure, ischaemia, anaemia |
| Which area of the hepatocyte is more sensitive to hypoxia? | Sensitivity increases from outside to the centrilobular zone. |
| Define ischaemia | reduction/loss of blood supply |
| Possible causes of ischaemia | Thrombosis, mechanical obstruction of blood flow, |
| Describe the pathway of an ischaemia-reperfusion injury | Ischaemic ❤ muscle ➡ hypoxia ➡ calcium influx ➡ re-established blood supply to ischaemic area ➡ damage often accelerated |
| Give 3 effects of oxalate crystals being deposited in renal tubules | 1. renal tubule obstruction 2.mechanical damage 3. degeneration and necrosis |
| Name the enzyme responsible for the conversion of ethylene glycol to oxalate in the liver | Alcohol dehydrogenase |
| Describe the cytoplasmic changes seen in irreversible cell injury | Early phase - cytoplasm becomes more dense, eosinophilia, loss of RNA, degradation of proteins,necrotic cells become individualised Late phase - cell rupture, loss of integrity and cell content release |
| Describe pyknosis | Nucleus is shrunken, dark and round |
| Karyorrhexis | Nuclear membrane rupture and dark fragments released |
| Karyolysis | Nuclear outline pale due to chromatin dissolution |
| Name 5 types of necrosis | Coagulation Caseation Liquefactive Gangrenous Enzymatic |
| Name some plants that can cause coagulation necrosis and the species which they affect | Oak - cattle Lily - cat Red maple - horses Raisins - dogs |
| Name 3 organs where coagulation necrosis is commonly seen | Liver Heart Kidneys |
| Bacterial species most commonly responsible for caseation necrosis | Mycobacteria |
| Where is liquefactive necrosis commonly seen? | CNS |
| Define liquefaction | Enzymatic dissolution of neutrophils |
| Describe the gross appearance of moist gangrene | Soft, moist, red/brown - black, gas bubbles and putrid smell |
| Describe the gross appearance of dry gangrene | Tissue is shrivelled, dry and brown-black |
| Describe the gross appearance of gas gangrene | Dark red - black with gas bubbles and fluid exudate |
| How does enzymatic necrosis typically occur | Most commonly of adipose tissue caused by leakage of pancreatic enzymes 'saponification' |
| Name 3 disease conditions characterised by necrosis | 1. infectious bovine rhinotracheitis 2. canine parvoviral enteritis 3. canine infectious hepatitis |
| Triggers of cell death | Infectious agents toxins/chemicals ionising radiation ischemia oxidative stress ligands |
| True or False? Adjacent inflammation is seen in both apoptosis and necrosis | False Inflammation is not seen in apoptosis as the apoptotic bodies are removed by macrophages |
| Name the receptor ligand interactions involved in the apoptosis extrinsic pathway | TNR1-TNF alpha Fas - FasL DR4/DR5 - TRAIL |
| Describe the apoptotic intrinsic pathway | Proapoptotic molecules eg cytochrome c Activation of caspase 9 Apoptosis |
| Name 3 types of intracellular accumulatiom | 1. Normal constituents in excess eg water, ligands, proteins, CHOs 2. Abnormal substances - exogenous or endogenous 3. Pigments |
| 4 mechanisms of intracellular accumulations | 1. abnormal metabolism 2. defect in protein folding, transport 3. lack of enzyme 4. ingestion of indigestible materials |
| List the common causes of hepatic lipidosis | a. excessive intake b. decreased beta oxidation c. improved apoprotein synthesis d. impaired lipid incorporation into lipoproteins e. impaired release |
| Gross appearance of fatty liver | enlarged rounded edges pale yellow greasy soft friable |
| Define amyloidosis | disease resulting from accumulation of inappropriately folded proteins causes compression of adjacent parenchymal cells which can lead to atrophy |
| What is Congo Red stain used for? | Diagnosis of amyloidosis positive = apple green |
| Gross appearance of renal amyloidosis | large, pale waxy swollen centre +/- pale pinpoint foci |
| Lipofuscin | Final undegradable remnant of autophagocytosis |
| Name 5 haemoglobin breakdown pigments | Haemosiderin Haematin Porphyrin Bilirubin Haematoidin |
| What is gout? | Deposition of sodium urate crystals in tissues |
| Main difference between dystrophic and metastatic calcification | Dystrophic is associated with necrosis and metastatic with normal tissues |
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