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| Question | Answer |
| What are proteins? | Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. |
| What is a chain of amino acids called | Polypeptide chain-it is folded and twisted to make the final structure of the protein. |
| How does the variety of protein shapes and functions arise? | By the sequence of amino acids. The shape of protein molecules affects their functions. |
| Name some functions of proteins | Structural, enzymes, hormones, antibodies. |
| What are enzymes? | All enzymes are globular proteins. Enzymes are biological catalysts and allow the cell to function at a low temperature. They speed up reactions but remain unchanged by it. |
| What are hormones? | Hormones act as chemical messengers between cells and travel in body fluids such as blood. |
| What are antibodies? | They are protein molecules that are involved in body defences. |
| What are structural proteins? | They make up cell structures such as membranes. They can also produce rope-like structures eg. collagen or keratin. |
| The substance to which an enzyme acts upon is called its... | Substrate |
| What do enzyme molecules have? | Active sites where they bind to substrate molecules. |
| Why are enzymes specific? | Because the shape of the active site is complementary to the shape of its substrate. |
| Which factors can affect the enzymes? | Temperature and pH. |
| At what temperature/pH do enzymes work best at? | The optimum temperature/pH. |
| What can extremes of temperature/pH result in? | Changes to the shape of the enzyme-its active site changes and it can no longer function. This is known as denatured and will effect its rate of reaction |
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