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| Question | Answer |
| Nudging theory | Thaler & Sunstein (2008) Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth & happiness |
| Nudge definition | Any aspect of the choice architecture that influences people's behavior in a predictable way w/o forbidding any option or sign. changing economic incentive Choice architecture: Any aspect of the social/physical environment that makes on choice the most desirable, attractive or default choice |
| Libertarianism | = General assumption of ration choice in economy --> Hands-off policy for private choices & enterprises |
| Paterinalism | Implementation --> Taxes & subsidies, legal prohibitions --> To influence rational people |
| Libertarian Paternalism | = Government nudges people into the direction of the rational choice without forbidding any option or inducing any cost in terms of money, time or social sanctions |
| Principles of Libertarian Paternalism | Changes to the default choice Changes to the physical environment Use of (descriptive) social norms Use of simplifaction, framing |
| Effectiveness of nudges | - 95-99% stick to green electricity as default - ca. 30 % stick to duplex printing - Pringles: Reducing consumption per 50% if 10% of Pringles are red |
| Important nudges (Sunstein, 2014) | Default options Social norms Disclosure Ease & convenience Simplification, Framing |
| Type 1 vs. Type 2 nudges | Type 1 --> No involvement of reflective thinking --> Influencing behavior Type 2 --> Involvement of automatic and reflective thinking --> Influencing choice |
| Difference to other constructs | Autonomy No incentives |
| Transparency | Marchiori et al. 2017: Transparency comes with loss of effectiveness De Ridder 2014: Transparency increases sense of autonomy Kroese, 2015: "We are helping you to make healthier choices" --> No change of effectiveness |
| Source - Effectiveness | Effectiveness also depends on the source (Cialdini, 2009) Nudges by experts are more accepted Trustworthiness of source mediated effect on behavior (Junghans et al) |
| Choices vs. options | Keeping number of choices while reducing number of options (Schwartz, 2004) Big gulp Ban |
| Keller et al. 2015 | Nudging product choices: Influence of product position in a row of 3 similar snacks varying in calorie content Control: Ascending Experiment: Lowest in the middle N = 120 --> Significant effect of position on selection --> Lowest car was selected almost 3 times more when posited middle |
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