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Description
Flashcards by Lisza Neumeier, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Lisza Neumeier
about 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| stem | =base=the element to which a bound morpheme is attached English stems can often also stand alone |
| Revision: What is morphology? | The study of the shape and internal structure of words. |
| Inflection in English | -Old English (until 1100): nouns, verbs, adjectives, articles, pronouns were inflected -English today: only a limited number of grammatical relations are expressed by inflection --> loss of inflectional morphology of 100 years ago --> fixation of word order, prepositions analytic ‘drift’ in the history of English |
| all that's left of inflection in English | |
| inflection vs. derivation overview | |
| definition inflection | If grammatical information and categories are expressed by affixes, this is called inflection. |
| definition derivation | If new lexemes are created by adding an affix to a lexical base, this is called derivation. |
| Inflection characteristics | • NEVER changes the word class (nouns stay as nouns, verbs stay as verbs, etc) • Stable form-meaning relationship • Suffixes attach to all possible bases • Inflection can only be suffixes in English (or word-internal changes) |
| Inflection (English has become more analytic than in 1100) | • Analytic: Uses auxiliary verbs and prepositions to complete the meaning • Synthetic: The meaning is contained within the word itself • Compare: we did vs. we have done |
| Derivation characteristics | • CAN change the word class (but doesn’t have to) • Variable form-meaning relationship • Affixes attach to a subset of possible bases • Inflection can take the form of prefixes and suffixes in English |
| Allomorphy definition | a type of bound morpheme that cannot be assigned a meaning nor a grammatical function, but nonetheless serves to distinguish one word from the other |
| Allomorphy what? similar to anything? | • Similar system to the phoneme-allophone relationship • Phonemes (abstract category) are realized by phones (actual sounds) • All the different phones that correspond to a phoneme are called allophones of that phoneme • Same principle here! |
| Allomorphy plural examples | |
| Allomorphy plural | |
| Allomorphs Allophones comparison | |
| Definitions in more detail 1.) morphs 2.) allomorphs | Morph: A meaningful and/or functionally relevant element of an utterance e.g. [z] in cats [kætz] Allomorphs: Morphs which have been classified as representations of a specific morpheme. e.g. [z], [s], [ɪz], [ɹən] etc for {plural} |
| Allomorphy indefinite article | ə: a dog, a lake ən: an arm, an egg ei: 'a' cup not 'the' cup |
| Allomorphy conditioning What types of conditioning are there? (i.e. what determines which allomorph we produce?) | • Phonological conditioning – dependent on the neighbouring sounds • Lexical conditioning – dependent on the word itself as a whole • Morphological conditioning – dependent on the attached morphemes |
| phonological conditioning | |
| lexical conditioning | |
| morphological conditioning | |
| 4 word formation processes | • Compounding • Affixation • Conversion • Shortenings |
| Compounding what? examples! | Putting lexemes (i.e. content words, free morphemes) together to create something new: • Geography teacher • Playground • High-tech |
| Compounding Where do we put the stress in a compound phrase? | A: On the first part (i.e. the left-hand member) • English teacher --> a teacher of English (could be from Germany) • English teacher --> a teacher who happens to be English (could be a history teacher) |
| Compound types (most productive <-> least productive) | |
| Compounds Complexitiy and Constituency | We can have compounds that consist of more than two parts, for instance: • Nursery school teacher • Wildlife sanctuary • Fast food restaurant |
| Compound Complexitiy and Constituency How do we know which words are added in which order? | |
| same with ''fast food restaurant'' | |
| Compounds Complexity and Constituency What part contributes the main meaning? | |
| Compounds Complexity and Constituency Where do we add inflections? | |
| Compounds Complexity and constituency What can we say about the right hand element in a compound phrase general? (3) | • It carries the core meaning • It determines the word-class • It carries the inflection |
| Affixation | In English, we have two types of affix: prefixes and suffixes Since we’re talking about word-formation here, we speak of derivational affixes (bound lexical morphemes). (prefix) + base + (suffix) eg. pre- warn mal- function own - er beauti - ful un - happi - ness |
| Affixation and changing of word class: Prefixes? Suffixes? | Prefixes: Rarely change the word-class (write – rewrite) Suffixes: • Often change the word-class (beauty – beautiful) • Create derivatives of a certain word-class (i.e. –ful creates adjectives, -ify creates verbs) • Attach to bases of a certain word-class (i.e. –ful can attach to nouns, but not verbs) |
| Suffixes that create derivatives of a certain word-class (are attached ti bases of certain word-class) | |
| One suffix can create different meanings, for instance: (agent nouns, instrumental nouns) | Suffix: -er Teacher, painter, leader, writer: people that do things (agent nouns) Mixer, slicer, toaster: things that are used to do things (instrumental nouns) |
| Conversion what? | • Creation of a new word, belonging to a new word-class, without any overt marking. • Also called zero-derivation. • Same form – different word-classes / meanings eg. I read a lot of books. --> This book is a good read. This glass is empty. --> I'll just empty this class. This plant needs water. --> You should water the plant. |
| Shortenings What? 4 types | • Linguistic material is deleted as opposed to added • There is no change in word-class or meaning (exception: back-formation) 4 types: • Clippings • Blends • Abbreviations • Back-formation |
| Clippings | Words are ‘chopped down’: • Elizabeth -> Liz • Patrick -> Pat • Examination -> Exam • University -> Uni NO CHANGE IN MEANING |
| Blends | Parts of two words are fused to make one: • Motorway + hotel = Motel • Breakfast + lunch = Brunch • Situation + comedy = Sitcom • Helicopter + airport = Heliport |
| Abbreviations | • Some abbreviations make it into the general vocabulary • They are then spelt as regular words: • Laser (from: light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) • Radar (from: radio detection and ranging) • Asap (from: as soon as possible) • Scuba (from: self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) |
| Back-formation | Words seem to have a suffix, when in fact this was never a suffix to begin with. This element is then taken away. This changes the word-class Examples: Editor -> Edit Babysitter -> Babysit Intuition -> Intuit Sleepwalking -> Sleepwalk |
| Word formation productivity |
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