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Description
Flashcards by Lisza Neumeier, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Lisza Neumeier
almost 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Linguistic approaches & paradigms The 20th century timeline | |
| Parameters How are these approaches different from one another? | • Different focus of attention (i.e. do they focus on syntax? Or more?) • Modular or non-modular (see focus of attention) • Lexical-grammar distinction (list vs. rule) • Generative or not (i.e. predictability) • Relevance of linguistic context / co-text • Also language acquisition |
| Focus of attention What do the approaches focus on? | • Syntax/form only = modular • All areas of linguistics as they all interact -So not just syntax -Pragmatics / meaning is central focus = non-modular |
| Modular or non-modular Why go for a non-modular approach? example? | Why go for a non-modular approach? • Formal aspects may depend on semantic / pragmatic factors We may use different word orders etc. depending on what we want to convey For instance: • Now THAT I can believe! (I can believe that) • In came Count Dracula (Count Dracula came in) |
| Lexicon vs. Grammar Traditional view and more recent view | |
| compositional approach? | (word+word= what we want to say) |
| Predictability (Generative or not?) | How predictable is the behaviour of a word? Can we always tell what complementation pattern a verb requires? -->Conflict of predictability and creativity Take the verb ‘to whistle’ – what complementation pattern(s) might you expect? • Intransitive (She whistled. The kettle whistled.) • Transitive (She whistled a song.) But what about the following sentence? • He whistled me out of the room. |
| Generative theories are linguistic theories or models which are based on the idea that....can explain how all the.... . | ...a single set of rules ..... possible sentences of a language are formed. |
| Relevance of co(n)text what's co-text? what's context? | Context: Conditions/circumstances relevant to anina event Co-text: The text that appears around the thing we’re looking at |
| Relevance of co(n)text | • Does the context/co-text affect the way we express things? • One event can be described using different words / constructions depending on the context. • E.g. The co(n)text is relevant in the choice of article (definite or indefinite) |
| Generative grammar Who? Language as? Quick facts | Language as expression of thought Noam Chomsky Quick facts: • Focus of attention: Syntax, form • Modular or non-modular? Modular • Lexical-grammar distinction: Strict distinction; compositional • Generative or not? Well, yesEither grammatically correct or incorrect • Relevance of linguistic context / co-text: Context is irrelevant |
| Functional approaches Who? Language as? Quick facts | Language as a means of communication Simon Dik, Halliday • Focus of attention: Communicative function (syntax secondary) • Modular or non-modular? Non-modular • Lexical-grammar distinction: Lexicon and grammar separate, but distinction not always clear cut (e.g. idioms) • Generative or not? No. Language isn’t static. • Relevance of linguistic context / co-text: Yes, if it influences the linguistic form (e.g. given-before-new) |
| Cognitive approaches Who? Language as? Quick facts | Language as reflection of conceptualisation Ronald Langacker, Lakoff • Focus of attention: Meaning (then communicative use) • Modular or non-modular? Non-modular • Lexical-grammar distinction: No strict distinction • Generative or not? No. Language isn’t static, but dynamic. • Relevance of linguistic context / co-text: Context is essential to meaning; no such thing as ‘core meaning’ |
| Construction grammar Who? Language as? Quick facts | Language as anina inventory of construction Adele Goldberg, Fillmore • Focus of attention: Construction • Modular or non-modular? Non-modular • Lexical-grammar distinction: No strict distinction; all constructions have meaning • Generative or not? No. Language isn’t static, but dynamic. There are patterns, but creative use and change is possible. • Relevance of linguistic context / co-text: Context is important |
| What is a construction? | A stored pairing of form and meaning |
| For example, not only words have their own fixed meaning, but also: | • Fixed expressions (e.g. No way! How’s it going? etc) • Semi-fixed expressions (e.g. The Xer the Yer) • Abstract constructions (e.g. Subject-Verb-Object) • Abstract elements (e.g. determiners, present tense, person, etc) Adele GOLDBERG |
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