B4

B4

1. Enzymes

   • Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions
   • Work best at optimum pH or temperature
     • Exceeding optimums makes the enzyme change shape, or denature
   • Lock and Key Model

2. Respiration

   • Aerobic
     • Energy used for movement, active transport and synthesis of large molecules
     • With oxygen
     • Releases more energy per glucose molecule
     • Equations
   • A series of food chemical reactions that release energy by breaking down large food molecules
   • Anaerobic
     • Without oxygen
     • Less energy per glucose molecule
     • Equations
       • Animal cells and some bacteria
         • Glucose ==> Lactic Acid
       • Plant cells and some microorganisms
         • Glucose ==> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide

3. Fermentation

   • When microorganisms break down sugars into other products as they respire anaerobically
   • Biogas
     • Fuel for heating and lighting
     • Lots of different microorganisms used to produce it
     • Ferment plant and animal waste, which contains carbohydrates
     • Biogas produced mainly made of methane and carbon dioxide
   • Bread
     • Made using yeast
     • Yeast ferment carbohydrates in flour and release carbon dioxide, causing bread to rise
   • Alcohol
     • Yeast ferment sugar to form alcohol
     • Sugar used in alcohol production comes from grapes (for wine) and barley (for beer)

4. Photosynthesis

   • A series of food chemical reactions that uses energy from sunlight to produce food
   • Produces glucose - a sugar
   • Happens in leaf cells
   • Chlorophyll is a green substance which absorbs sunlight and allows energy to be used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose
   • Equations
   • Glucose
     • Used for respiration - releases energy from glucose
     • Used to make chemicals for growth
       • Converted into cellulose for cell walls
       • Combined with nitrogen to make amino acids to make proteins
       • Helps to make chlorophyll
     • Stored as starch - in roots, stems and leaves, used when rates of photosynthesis is slower, like winter
   • Factors
     • When a factor stops photosynthesis from happening any faster, it becomes a limiting factor
     • Light
     • Carbon Dioxide
     • Temperature

5. Diffusion - passive overall movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

6. Osmosis - overall movement of water from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration through a partially permeable memberane

7. Active Transport - overall movement of chemicals across a cell membrane from a region o lower concentration to a region of higher concentration using energy released by respiration

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