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The Three Approaches to Argument
- The Classical Approach to Argument
- Introduction
- Capturing the
attention of your audience.
- Convince your audience to
agree with your point.
- Capturing the
attention of your audience.
- State Your Case
- Provide background
and key facts.
- Define the importance
of your case.
- Explain things in an
understanding matter.
- Provide background
and key facts.
- Proposition
- State you proposition.
- Talk about certain topics.
- Set up argument in
appropriate order.
Having the audience
comprehend what
you are proposing.
- State you proposition.
- Proof
- Discuss your reason
of proposition.
- Point out the
positives and
negative of facts
you have provided.
- Provide evidence followed
upon the facts.
- Discuss your reason
of proposition.
- Refutation
- Proposing view points
- Expands on why your
argument or proposal is
the one your audience
would agree with.
- Propose how it could
benefit your audience.
- This is, This will, This must.
- This is, This will, This must.
- Proposing view points
- Conclusion
- Choose a few of most
important points and
summarize them.
- Appeal to the audiences
feeling, coming from
different point of views.
- Remind audience how
they may benefit from
your opposing facts and
knowledge.
- Choose a few of most
important points and
summarize them.
- Introduction
- The Toulmin Approach to Argument
- Claim
- State the main point of argument.
- Define your position and
why your point matters.
- State the main point of argument.
- Grounds
- Provide background knowledge.
- Provide reasons that benefit your claim.
- Use support for evidence.
- Provide background knowledge.
- Warrant
- Provide reasons that back up
other reasoning.
- Casual, authority, analogy, etc.
- Casual, authority, analogy, etc.
- Connect the data with the claim.
- Explain why research
goes along with what
your claiming.
- Explain why research
goes along with what
your claiming.
- Provide reasons that back up
other reasoning.
- Backing
- Reasons and Info that back
up what you have proposed.
- Supporting your warrant.
- Justifying your reasons for the claim.
- Justifying your reasons for the claim.
- Reasons and Info that back
up what you have proposed.
- Qualification
- Using key words like
Always, Never, or
Absolutely.
- Using these words to
qualify your warrant
and backing.
- Using these words to
qualify your warrant
and backing.
- Minimize words that allow
argument to pose bigger
picture.
- Using key words like
Always, Never, or
Absolutely.
- Claim
- The Rogerian Approach to Argument
- Introduction
- Discuss an issue and why it's at stake.
- What can be solved or
answered.
- Find and discuss common ground.
- Discuss an issue and why it's at stake.
- Summarize Opposing Views
- Verify that you understand
other people's view points
and beliefs.
- Verify that you agree on most
if not all levels of beliefs.
- Create that ground level using
a couple different approaches
to understanding the
argument on both sides.
- Verify that you understand
other people's view points
and beliefs.
- Statement of Understanding
- Talk about what positions have
what in common.
- Beliefs and knowledge that
certain people share.
- Explain reasons for
your choosing.
- Talk about what positions have
what in common.
- Analysis
- Putting together that common ground.
- What can you and your opponet
agree on?
- Demonstrate how your position
applies and how it can positively
affect someone.
- Putting together that common ground.
- Proposal.
- Offer a compromise.
- Provide information enlisted
from both sides.
- Settle somewhere in the middle.
- Settle somewhere in the middle.
- Resolve issue bringing in
conclusions from both sides.
- Offer a compromise.
- Introduction
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