484819
Capitalism & Apartheid
- establishment of apartheid
- British colonial segregation continuities (Christopher, 1983)
- Native Land Acts
- Native Land Acts
- apartheid proper: National Party 1948
- legalised and institutionalised race discrimination and
segregation in SA introduced from 1948 onwards
- Group Areas Acts of 1950 and 1966
- Population Registration of 1950
- Group Areas Acts of 1950 and 1966
- ethnic mobilization of Afrikaners
- white workers and farmers fear of
Oorstrooming 'overrunning of the cities';
undercutting of wages
- electoral platform
- electoral platform
- white workers and farmers fear of
Oorstrooming 'overrunning of the cities';
undercutting of wages
- homelands for blacks; 'parallel
development' (1970) for coloureds and
Indians
- 1984 'Own Affairs'; belated exercise in co-option
- 'petty apartheid': transport, post offices, benches, toilets, beaches
- ideological; inefficient but cost reduced by passing Reservation of
Seperate Amenities Act in 1953 (separate not =)
- ideological; inefficient but cost reduced by passing Reservation of
Seperate Amenities Act in 1953 (separate not =)
- 1984 'Own Affairs'; belated exercise in co-option
- legalised and institutionalised race discrimination and
segregation in SA introduced from 1948 onwards
- Native Laws Amendment 1952
- reinforced existing controls on
labour movement; permits required
- reinforced existing controls on
labour movement; permits required
- 'friction theory'
- assumes physical means to spiritual goal (Paton)
- assumes physical means to spiritual goal (Paton)
- attempt to maintain white political and economic power in
'legitimate' way; not just based on ideas of racial
superiority
- British colonial segregation continuities (Christopher, 1983)
- liberal vs. Marxist critiques
- presented as triumph of the frontier over economic rationality (Legassick, 1980) - was it?
- Bantustan education
- Edgar Brookes
(1968): 'the only
education system in
the world designed to
restrict the
productivity of its
pupils'
- Edgar Brookes
(1968): 'the only
education system in
the world designed to
restrict the
productivity of its
pupils'
- changing economic base
- mining to manufacture
- manufacture and service sector became more skill and capital
intensive - increasingly demand a free and mobile labour force
- mining to manufacture
- increasingly saturated domestic market
- exports were rendered uncompetitive by protectionism (Lemon & Gibb, 2002)
- 1982 - poss highest subsidies for decentralisation in the world
- 1982 - poss highest subsidies for decentralisation in the world
- job reservation
- artificially high wages and undeserved job security for whites
- few incentives for blacks to work hard
- artificially high wages and undeserved job security for whites
- state interference in labour productivity outweighed any
benefits of reduced labor costs (Natrass, 1991)
- unemployment rose consistently under apartheid from the mid 1960s due to
declining absorption capacity of formal sector (Rogerson, 1995)
- unemployment rose consistently under apartheid from the mid 1960s due to
declining absorption capacity of formal sector (Rogerson, 1995)
- Moll (1991): manufacturing exports fell
steadily from 1955 to 1985 explained by
apartheid super structure
- seriously inefficient use of black workers
- seriously inefficient use of black workers
- Fine & Rustomjee (1996): manufacturing
sector in prolonged state of stagnation,
dependent on MEC core
- direct costs: internal and external
security; sanctions
- disinvestment, loss of potential interest,
refusal of the banks to lend
- external more expensive following
Portuguese revolution in 1974
- disinvestment, loss of potential interest,
refusal of the banks to lend
- Bantustan education
- O'Meera (1983): 'NP gov after 1948 secured the political conditions for rapid
accumulation by all capital'
- ANC - communist leanings - very broad way in which apartheid
maintained capitalist state albeit one that interfered with the normal
process of capitalist accumulation
- migrant labour system: intensified exploitation of black workers
- migrant workers made up 98% of the mine labour force
- mining wages in 1970 had not changed in real terms since 1911 (Wilson, 1972)
- reserve production enabled employers to force down wages (Wolpe, 1972)
- reserve production a myth (Lansdown Commission 1943)
- labor of women and children req for reproduction of labor force
- labor of women and children req for reproduction of labor force
- reserve production a myth (Lansdown Commission 1943)
- Chamber of Mines opposed rigidifying labour
force helped to maintain supplies of labour
- BUT req that miners be 'repatriated' hindered recruitment from local area
- transport subsidies needed to bring in black
workers from periphery; KwaNdbele where subsidy
to Putco bus company was higher than entire
GDP of homeland (Lelyveld, 1987)
- transport subsidies needed to bring in black
workers from periphery; KwaNdbele where subsidy
to Putco bus company was higher than entire
GDP of homeland (Lelyveld, 1987)
- BUT req that miners be 'repatriated' hindered recruitment from local area
- migrant workers made up 98% of the mine labour force
- mining >> manufacture
- domestic balck working in mines fell from 1962 peak of 157,000
to 86,500 in 1971 (Lemon, 1987)
- more dependent on foreign labour in mines
- domestic balck working in mines fell from 1962 peak of 157,000
to 86,500 in 1971 (Lemon, 1987)
- restricting geographical distribution of labour and occupational distribution through
job reservation >> violated one of the central principles of captialism
- interfering with the market
- interfering with the market
- ANC - communist leanings - very broad way in which apartheid
maintained capitalist state albeit one that interfered with the normal
process of capitalist accumulation
- presented as triumph of the frontier over economic rationality (Legassick, 1980) - was it?
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