Taxi Driver

anatomy of the vertebral column
1. 5 regions
  1. cervical
    1. 7 vertebrae
  2. thoracic
    1. 12 vertebrae
  3. lumbar
    1. 5 vertebrae
  4. sacral
    1. 5 vertebrae
  5. coccygeal
    1. 4 vertebrae
2. joints
  1. zygapophyseal joints (facet joints)
    1. synovial joints
    2. between the inferior articular process of superior vertebrae and the superior articular process of inferior vertevrae
    3. control flexion, extension, rotation and cervical and lumbar bertebrae
  2. atlanto occipital joint
    1. between C1 (atlas) and occipital codyles (skull)
    2. synovial
      1. condyloid
    3. flexion and extension of the neck (saying yes)
  3. atlanto axial joint
    1. synovial
      1. pivot
    2. rotation of the atlas and the skull around the axis (saying NO)
    3. between C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis)
3. ligaments
  2. anterior longit ligament
    1. prevent hyperextension
  3. posterior longit ligament
    1. prevent hyperflexion
  4. ligamentum flavum
    1. preserve the normal curvature
  5. interspinal ligament
  6. supraspinous ligament
  7. intertransverse ligament
4. muscles of the back
  1. superficial layer
  2. intermediate layer
  3. Deep layer
    1. Splenius
      1. action
        Extend neck and head
        rotate in unilateral action
    2. erector spinae
      1. spinalis (medially)
      2. longissmus (intermeiate)
      3. iliocostalis (laterally)
    3. transverso-spinalis
5. movements
  1. extention
  2. rotation
  3. flexion
  4. lateral flexion
6. curvatures of the back
anatomy of the spinal cord
sacral plexus
1. sciatic nerve
  1. supplies sensation to the skin of the foot and the lower leg except for the inner side
  2. roots
    1. L4, L5, S1, S2, S3
  3. branches
    1. semitendinous
    2. semimembranosus
    3. adductor
    4. biceps femoris
  4. sensation to skin to the sole of the feet
  5. tibial nerve
    1. supply the posterior compartment of the leg and sole of the foot (planter aspect)
  6. common peroneal nerve (common fibular nerve)
    1. supply the muscles of the anterior and lateral compartments
2. supply the pelvis and the lower limbs
lower back pain
1. alleviating factors
  1. standing, walking
2. aggravating factors
  1. sitting, lifting, coughing and sneezing
3. causes
  1. disc breakdown
  2. spasms
  3. tense muscles
  4. Ruptured disks
  5. injuries ( fractures, falls)
  6. tumors
  7. pregnancy
  8. kidney stones
  9. spinal stenosis
  10. scoliosis
visual analogue scale (VAS)
intervertebral disc
1. anatomy
  1. between the bodies of vertebrae
  2. 2 parts
    1. outer: annulus fibrosis
      1. parallel collagen bundles
    2. inner: nucleus pulposus
      1. soft gelatinous material
2. disorders
  2. herniated disc
    1. protrusions of the nucleus pulposus occur posterolaterlly
    2. commonly occur in th lumbar region
    3. symptoms
      1. localised pain
      2. if nerve root iscompressed
        sciatice
        management
        physiotherapy
        knee to chest stretch
        sciatic mobilising stretch
        back extension
        standing hamstring
        lying deep gluteal stretch
        Alternative management
        acupuncture
        massege
        chiropractic therapy
        surgery
        partial discectomy
        the fragments of the ruptured disc are removed
        types
        spine fusion
        disc replacment
        indication for surgical intervention
        spinal cord compression
        compression on the sciatic nerve
        cause
        general wear and tear
    4. stages
      1. degeneration
      2. prolapse
      3. sequestration
      4. extrusion
placebo effect
1. defenition
  1. a substance or other kind of treatment that looks just like a regular treatment but it is inactive
2. remembered wellness
3. nocebo effect
4. conditioning effect
5. expectation effect
physical examination
1. special tests
  1. femoral nerve stretch test
  2. straight leg raising
  3. schober's test
2. look
3. feel
4. palpate

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Taxi Driver

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	Created by yasmin alkhatib almost 8 years ago