PHSI3011 10-1 Complex Systemic Homeoastasis

Glucose is a 6-Carbon ring that’s metabolisable as a “D-isomer”. It’s C6-H[x]-O[y]?

Glucose is a:

Glucose is consumed as starch and glycogen and broken down to glucose by [blank_start]__________[blank_end] [blank_start]__________[blank_end] [blank_start]__________[blank_end] for transport across the enterocytes.

How much of the postprandial glucose disposal is accounted for by skeletal muscle glucose uptake? (in humans)

Triglycerides (/“Triacylglycerols”) are complex lipids that are 3 Fatty Acids attached to a [blank_start]_______[blank_end] backbone.

Free Fatty Acids (“NEFA”: Non-Esterified Fatty Acids) are released from [blank_start]__________[blank_end] and circulate bound to [blank_start]__________[blank_end].

Triglycerides (/TriAcylGlycerols/TAGs) circulate in lipoproteins secreted from the Liver or Gut. Which type of lipoprotein is secreted from each of the two? Liver: [blank_start]__________[blank_end] Gut: [blank_start]__________[blank_end]

ADIPOSE-DERIVED Fatty Acids are taken up by which tissues?

Once dietary TriAcylGlycerols have been hydrolysed and transported across the enterocytes, they’re then esterified back into TriAcylGlycerols and packaged into:

Once adipose-derived Fatty Acids are taken up by the liver, they’re esterified into TriAcylGlycerols and packaged into:

Chylomicron-TG is metabolised at the tissue level by [blank_start]__________[blank_end], which hydrolyses CM-TG to release FA for tissue uptake.

After hydrolysis of the Chylomicron-TG, the particle becomes smaller, forming CM-remnant. This remnant particle is taken up by the [blank_start]__________[blank_end] and the TG remaining in the particle can be repackaged into a [blank_start]__________[blank_end], thereby recycling the dietary FA.

Label all those bits.

Which two mostly carry TAGs (/TAs/TriAcylGlycerols/TriGlycerides)?

Which two carry mostly* Cholesterol? (not actually mostly, but more than TAGs)

Glucose uptake is limited by GLUT levels at the plasma membrane… …but can be overcome by an increase in levels of what?

The rate of fatty acid oxidation is controlled by the rate of FA entry into the mitochondria – this step is catalysed by what? (the activity of which is regulated by malonyl-CoA through ALLOSTERIC REGULATION)

The modification of proteins is a highly conserved process that regulates protein/enzyme activity. A diverse range of PTMs include: [blank_start]__________[blank_end]: Addition of a phosphate (from ATP or similar triphosphates) [blank_start]__________[blank_end]: Addition of acetate from acetyl-CoA [blank_start]__________[blank_end]: Addition of a glucose molecule [blank_start]__________[blank_end]: Include myristolyation (C14), palmitolyation (C16)

Can Phosphorylation activate or inactivate an enzyme?

True or false: The synthesis of new protein is another point of regulation. An example of this is Gluconeogenesis.