Human interactions and Fisheries

Description

Human interactions and Fisheries
Ethan Ross
Quiz by Ethan Ross, updated more than 1 year ago
Ethan Ross
Created by Ethan Ross about 6 years ago
34
1

Resource summary

Question 1

Question
Fisheries science Fisheries management is all about modelling (predicting) the likely [blank_start]size or biomass of target[blank_end] fish species of distinct size/age classes Critical factor is the [blank_start]recruitment[blank_end]. Recruitment – number of fish reaching a certain [blank_start]age/size[blank_end] or [blank_start]position in the life cycle[blank_end] - when they enter the fishery.
Answer
  • size or biomass of target
  • recruitment
  • age/size
  • position in the life cycle

Question 2

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Stock assessment Fundamental basics – level of fishing [blank_start]mortality[blank_end] must be balanced by [blank_start]recruitment[blank_end] and [blank_start]growth[blank_end] If max mortality level is exceeded, stock will [blank_start]fall[blank_end], and capacity to [blank_start]rebuild[blank_end] will be reduced
Answer
  • mortality
  • recruitment
  • growth
  • fall
  • rebuild

Question 3

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Important terms: Recruit: A fish that [blank_start]survives[blank_end] from egg until reproductive (or legal fishery) age [blank_start]Yield[blank_end]: numbers of fish (or value) produced by the recruits and available to the fishery Collapse – point where a fished population or stock cannot [blank_start]sustain itself[blank_end]. May be arbitrarily set at [blank_start]10%[blank_end] of pre-fished biomass (or 50% MSY) [blank_start]Stock[blank_end] – part of a species population that is reproductively isolated and managed as a single unit
Answer
  • survives
  • Yield
  • 10%
  • Stock
  • sustain itself

Question 4

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Fishery at MSY In theory, fishing at MSY is desirable for all: Keeps fishing level and stock size relatively high – approx. [blank_start]50%[blank_end] of maximum stock size Management aim is to regulate fishing to keep population size at MSY
Answer
  • 50%

Question 5

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Summary MSY and stock assessment Typically fishing at MSY keeps the biomass lower (c. 50-75% lower) than the unfished biomass – Fishing to MSY is risky – if the [blank_start]environment[blank_end] changes it can be easy to [blank_start]overestimate[blank_end] MSY MSY usually estimated by species – but species interact: [blank_start]ecosystem[blank_end] approach may be better…
Answer
  • environment
  • overestimate
  • ecosystem

Question 6

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Growth in fish supply outpaces [blank_start]population growth[blank_end] (3.2% per year vs 1.6% per year) Mostly met by aquaculture, mostly in [blank_start]China[blank_end]
Answer
  • population growth
  • China

Question 7

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Global marine capture c. 80 million tonnes: 10% [blank_start]tuna and tuna-like[blank_end] species Expansion in NW and WC Pacific, Indian Oceans, contraction in Atlantic and Mediterranean [blank_start]58 Million[blank_end] people engaged in capture fisheries worldwide
Answer
  • tuna and tuna-like
  • 58 Million

Question 8

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aquaculture [blank_start]6%[blank_end] growth per year: 94 million tonnes in 2012, of which 66 Million tonnes is food fish, 23 Million tonnes aquatic algae. China c. [blank_start]50%[blank_end] of global production 20 million people are engaged in aquaculture (>90% in China)
Answer
  • 6%
  • 50%

Question 9

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social Fish capture and production large source of [blank_start]employment[blank_end] for women (especially in developing countries) More than 15% primary capture employment women and up to 90% processing employment Fishing and aquaculture assure livelihoods of c. [blank_start]10%[blank_end] of world’s population
Answer
  • employment
  • 10%

Question 10

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Trends – doom and gloom? Collapsed species Fishing down food chain Fishing deeper Loss [blank_start]apex predators[blank_end] PP utilized
Answer
  • apex predators

Question 11

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Types of fishery data: Research survey - [blank_start]Highest resolution[blank_end] – direct measure of biomass for all species collected in the survey. Limited [blank_start]focus[blank_end], few comparative datasets [blank_start]Stock assessment[blank_end] - Estimate of biomass for specific populations of species based on survey and catch effort data – only data on few targeted species Catch data - Reported biomass of [blank_start]landed species[blank_end]. Global in scope, but does not reflect [blank_start]discards[blank_end] and IUU, and is influenced by accidental and deliberate [blank_start]mis-reporting[blank_end], changes in regulation and markets.
Answer
  • Highest resolution
  • focus
  • Stock assessment
  • landed species
  • discards
  • mis-reporting

Question 12

Question
Catch data do not track biomass because other things can influence catch (e.g. changes in [blank_start]restrictions[blank_end], market prices for specific species, [blank_start]fuel[blank_end] prices, vessel exclusions, population [blank_start]shifts[blank_end]). Also, in a random stationary time series, maximum catch is likely to [blank_start]increase[blank_end] with a longer time series (so more chance of having collapse figures over time)
Answer
  • restrictions
  • fuel
  • shifts
  • increase

Question 13

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Summary so far Estimating how many fish have been caught is difficult Catch and effort data are biased in complex ways as these reflect [blank_start]socio-economics[blank_end] and [blank_start]geopolitics[blank_end] as well as ecology/biology Satellite and big data approaches are changing the way we understand, measure and police global fishing efforts
Answer
  • socio-economics
  • geopolitics

Question 14

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Fishing effects Direct removal of target species Changes in [blank_start]size[blank_end] structure of target populations Alterations to [blank_start]non-target[blank_end] populations of fish and benthos Alterations to physical environment Food chain effects (trophic [blank_start]cascades[blank_end], altered [blank_start]predation[blank_end] pressure)
Answer
  • size
  • non-target
  • cascades
  • predation

Question 15

Question
Fishing down (through) the food chain Pauly et al (1998). Fishing Down Marine Food Webs. Science 279: 860-863. Most food fish were trophic levels 4.0-4.5 Argument that we are now moving our predation [blank_start]down a trophic level[blank_end] from 4 to 3 (fishing down). Also by removing predators, [blank_start]low[blank_end] trophic level biomass expands, decreasing mean TL (fishing through)
Answer
  • down a trophic level
  • low

Question 16

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Alternative : Catch TL is not the same as ecosystem TL Theoretical comparison based on simulation ecosystem [blank_start]models[blank_end] (week 3) Catch TL poor reflection of ecosystem TL when catch is [blank_start]selective[blank_end] within the food web
Answer
  • models
  • selective

Question 17

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Recent data from research trawls are suggesting that deep-sea fish species (including by-catch) biomass is [blank_start]on the decline[blank_end].
Answer
  • on the decline

Question 18

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Summary: state of world fish Globally, best estimate is that c. [blank_start]30%[blank_end] of fish stocks are over fished, [blank_start]60%[blank_end] are fully exploited, and 10% are underexploited Aquaculture provides [blank_start]more[blank_end] fish than capture fisheries Long history of management failure, stock collapse. Current ecosystems have low [blank_start]abundance[blank_end] and [blank_start]diversity[blank_end] with [blank_start]small[blank_end] body sizes. Top predators heavily [blank_start]depleted[blank_end] Catch data easily available but may give [blank_start]flawed[blank_end] picture of ecosystem state and trends Rebuilding occurring in heavily regulated fisheries [blank_start]Satellite[blank_end] vessel monitoring and big data processing give us a much richer view of fishing effort More to be done in developing world fisheries
Answer
  • 30%
  • 60%
  • more
  • abundance
  • diversity
  • small
  • depleted
  • flawed
  • Satellite

Question 19

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Fill in the blank
Answer
  • Carrying capacity

Question 20

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Fill in the gaps
Answer
  • 70%
  • 30%

Question 21

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Fill in the blanks
Answer
  • K
  • Imposition of limits

Question 22

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Answer
  • Fully exploited
  • 10%

Question 23

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Answer
  • Intrinsic rate of population increase

Question 24

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Answer
  • Adriatic Sea

Question 25

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Fill in the blanks
Answer
  • Atlantic Cod

Question 26

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Answer
  • Population growth rate

Question 27

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Answer
  • Maximum growth rate
  • Maximum sustainable yield

Question 28

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Fill in the blanks
Answer
  • automatic Identification system

Question 29

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Fill in the blanks
Answer
  • Vessel monitoring system

Question 30

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Fill in the blanks
Answer
  • 0.1
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