Question 1
Question
What does the Morula become?
Question 2
Question
The inner cell mass differentiates into which two structures?
Answer
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Epiblast
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Hypoblast
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Ectoderm
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Mesoderm
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Endoderm
Question 3
Question
The primitive streak indicates that gastrulation is occurring.
Question 4
Question
What is gastrulation?
Answer
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The migration of epiblast cells to the primitive streak which then migrates down and displaces the hypoblast, forming a trilaminar embryo consisting, in descending order, of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
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The folding of the parietal and visceral layers of the lateral plate mesoderm in order to form the precursors to the bone and wall of the gut tube respectively.
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The formation of the notochord from the notochordal plate in a cranial to caudal sequence.
Question 5
Question
The Ectoderm is destined to become what structures?
Answer
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Tooth enamel
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Nervous system
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Epidermis
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Gastrointestinal tract
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Respiratory system
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Muscle
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Cardiovascular system
Question 6
Question
The Mesoderm is destined to become which structures?
Answer
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Connective tissue
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Cardiovascular system
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Muscle
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Blood cells
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Respiratory system
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Nervous system
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Epidermis
Question 7
Question
The Endoderm is destined to become which structures?
Answer
-
Gastrointestinal tract
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Respiratory system
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Urinary system
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Epidermis
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Connective tissue
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Cardiovascular system
Question 8
Question
The Notochord is important in signal secretion for nervous system development.
Question 9
Question
The primitive node is the "organiser" of the trilaminar embryo, and releases signalling molecules like NODAL, BMP4 and Noggin.
Question 10
Question
Neurulation is the formation of the neural tube. The embryonic plate elongates and folding creates a neural groove and neural plate. Somites, ridges either side of the groove form. Continued folding leads to a tube structure forming. The anterior and posterior neuropores then close, forming a neural tube.
Question 11
Question
The notochord release BMP that patterns the ventral side of the neural tube.
Question 12
Question
BMP is released which patterns the dorsal side of the neural tube.
Question 13
Question
Spina Bifida is caused by what?
Question 14
Question
Mutations in SHH can lead to what?
Question 15
Question
The mesoderm differentiates into which layers?
Question 16
Question
Folding of the parietal layer of the lateral plate mesoderm produces the precursor to the GI tract.
Question 17
Question
Somites differentiate into what three 'tomes'?
Answer
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Dermatome
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Myotome
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Sclerotome
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Epitome
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Gastrotome
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Echinotome
Question 18
Question
HOX genes are not responsible for coding for particular segments of body structures
Question 19
Question
Pharyngeal arches are located where?
Answer
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Ectodermal side - ridges
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Endodermal side - ridges
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Endodermal side - pits
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Ectodermal side - pits
Question 20
Question
There are 5 pharyngeal arches; 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 6th.
Question 21
Question
Neural crest cell migration is important in forming the ectodermal placodes. The crest cells aid in the formation of sensory ganglia of certain cranial nerves. Which cranial nerves are these and what conditions may result due to migration failure?
Answer
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CN 5, 7, 9 and 10
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CN 5, 7, 8 and 10
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CN 1, 3, 10 and 12
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CN 2, 4, 9 and 11
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Digeorge syndrome
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Robin syndrome
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Anencephaly
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Down's Syndrome
Question 22
Question
Migrated neural crest cells can form 'cartilages' in the arches such as Meckel's cartilage. What is its function?
Answer
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Precursor template for the mandible
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Signal secretion for the developing embryo
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Formation of the sensory ganglia in the arches
Question 23
Question
Which cranial nerve innervates the 1st pharyngeal arch?
Answer
-
Trigeminal
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Facial
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Glossopharyngeal
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Vagus
Question 24
Question
Which cranial nerve innervates the 2nd pharyngeal arch?
Answer
-
Trigeminal
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Facial
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Glossopharyngeal
-
Vagus
Question 25
Question
Which cranial nerve innervates the 3rd pharyngeal arch?
Answer
-
Trigeminal
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Facial
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Glossopharyngeal
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Vagus
Question 26
Question
Which cranial nerve innervates the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches?
Answer
-
Trigeminal
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Facial
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Glossopharyngeal
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Vagus
Question 27
Question
Which components of the skull are made from the 1st pharyngeal arch?
Answer
-
Zygomatic bone
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Maxilla
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Mandible
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Temporal bone
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Hyoid bone
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Styloid process
Question 28
Question
Which components of the skull are made from the 2nd pharyngeal arch?
Answer
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Hyoid bone
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Styloid process
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Stylohyoid ligament
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Zygomatic bone
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Cricoid cartilage
Question 29
Question
Which components of the skull are made from the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches?
Answer
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Thyroid cartilage
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Cricoid cartilage
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Styloid process
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Maxilla
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Temporal bone
Question 30
Question
The medial and lateral nasal prominences join together to make the nose.
Question 31
Question
The fusion of the medial nasal prominences forms the secondary palate
Question 32
Question
The maxillary prominences fuse together to form the secondary palate
Question 33
Question
What condition(s) are caused by failure of the nasal, mandibular and maxillary prominences to fuse?
Answer
-
Cleft palate
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Spina Bifida
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DiGeorge
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Robin