Question 1
Question
Adenine complementary pairs to what other bases in DNA and RNA?
Answer
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Cytosine
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Guanine
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Thymine
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Uracil
Question 2
Question
What direction does the coding strand run in?
Question 3
Question
What direction does the template strand run in?
Question 4
Question
What is the correct process of DNA replication?
Answer
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DNA helicase unwinds -> SSBP -> Primase -> DNA polymerase builds new DNA strand in 5' to 3' -> exonuclease removes primers -> DNA polymerase fills the gaps -> DNA ligase fixes gap in sugar-phosphate backbone.
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DNA helicase unwinds -> SSBP -> Primase -> DNA polymerase builds new DNA strand in 3' to 5' -> exonuclease removes primers -> DNA polymerase fills the gaps -> DNA ligase fixes gap in sugar-phosphate backbone.
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DNA gyrase unwinds -> SSBP -> Primase -> DNA polymerase builds new DNA strand in 5' to 3' -> exonuclease removes primers -> DNA polymerase fills the gaps -> DNA ligase fixes gap in sugar-phosphate backbone.
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DNA gyrase unwinds -> SSBP -> Primase -> DNA polymerase builds new DNA strand in 3' to 5' -> exonuclease removes primers -> DNA ligase fills the gaps -> DNA ligase fixes gap in sugar-phosphate backbone.
Question 5
Question
What is the function of Gyrase?
Question 6
Question
What is the function of telomerase?
Answer
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Add DNA repeats to the 3' end of DNA strands in telomere regions (at the end of the chromosome)
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Prevents DNA supercoiling
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Unwinds the DNA double strand
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Remove RNA primers
Question 7
Question
Which type of RNA encodes the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide?
Question 8
Question
Which type of RNA forms a protein complex which aid in the formation of a spliceosome?
Question 9
Question
Which type of RNA is a component of the ribosome?
Question 10
Question
Which type of RNA is responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosomes during translation?
Question 11
Question
What does label 1 show on the model of the gene?
Answer
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Promoter
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RNA coding sequence
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Terminator
Question 12
Question
What does label 2 show on the model of the gene?
Answer
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Promoter
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RNA coding sequence
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Terminator
Question 13
Question
What does label 3 show on the model of the gene?
Answer
-
Promoter
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RNA coding sequence
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Terminator
Question 14
Question
The process of transcription is what?
Answer
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DNA Helicase unwinds -> Gyrase alleviates supercoiling -> RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and starts in 5' to 3' -> Terminator is reached -> pre-mRNA is cleaved off -> DNA helix is reformed.
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DNA Helicase unwinds -> Telomerase alleviates supercoiling -> RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and starts in 5' to 3' -> Terminator is reached -> pre-mRNA is cleaved off -> DNA helix is reformed.
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DNA Helicase unwinds -> Gyrase alleviates supercoiling -> RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and starts in 3' to 5' -> Terminator is reached -> pre-mRNA is cleaved off -> DNA helix is reformed.
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DNA Helicase unwinds -> Telomerase alleviates supercoiling -> RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and starts in 3' to 5' -> Terminator is reached -> pre-mRNA is cleaved off -> DNA helix is reformed.
Question 15
Question
Splicing occurs in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription.
Question 16
Question
Select the processes which occur in the nucleus
Answer
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DNA replication
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Transcription
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Splicing
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Translation
Question 17
Question
Select the process which occurs in the cytoplasm
Answer
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DNA replication
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Translation
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Transcription
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Splicing
Question 18
Question
The start codon on mRNA is always what set of bases?
Question 19
Question
The 40s subunit of an 80s ribosome contains the P and A site where the tRNA binds.
Question 20
Question
What is the process of amino acid charging?
Answer
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AA attaches to amino-acyl tRNA synthetase -> ATP binds to docking site -> hydrolysed to AMP -> AMP exits -> tRNA becomes charged -> charged tRNA is released
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AA attaches to amino-acyl tRNA synthetase -> ATP binds to docking site -> hydrolysed to ADP -> ADP exits -> tRNA becomes charged -> charged tRNA is released
Question 21
Question
What is the process of translation?
Answer
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Methionine-tRNA's anticodon UAC binds to the AUG sequence on mRNA -> Ribosome clamps to mRNA strand -> Peptide bond formation via Peptidyl transferase -> continuation -> STOP codon is reached -> release factor binds (no tRNA with anticodon) -> peptidyl transferase causes final protein to be ejected -> machinery disassembles
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Methionine-tRNA's anticodon AUG binds to the UAC sequence on mRNA -> Ribosome clamps to rRNA strand -> Peptide bond formation via Peptidyl transferase -> continuation -> STOP codon is reached -> release factor binds (no tRNA with anticodon) -> peptidyl transferase causes final protein to be ejected -> machinery disassembles
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Methionine-tRNA's anticodon AUG binds to the UAC sequence on mRNA -> Ribosome clamps to mRNA strand -> Peptide bond formation via Peptidyl transferase -> continuation -> STOP codon is reached -> release factor binds (no tRNA with anticodon) -> peptidyl transferase causes final protein to be ejected -> machinery disassembles
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Methionine-tRNA's anticodon UAC binds to the AUG sequence on mRNA -> Ribosome clamps to mRNA strand -> Peptide bond formation via aminoacyl transferase -> continuation -> STOP codon is reached -> release factor binds (no tRNA with anticodon) -> peptidyl transferase causes final protein to be ejected -> machinery disassembles
Question 22
Question
Convention is that polypeptides start with a C terminus and end with an N terminus.
Question 23
Question
Polysomes are advantageous because they mean mRNA, which is very unstable, can be translated into many proteins despite having a short life span.
Question 24
Question
What are the three generic types of DNA mutations?
Answer
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Insertion
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Substitution
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Deletion
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Rearrangement
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Reorderment
Question 25
Question
What is meant by a silent mutation?
Answer
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The same amino acid is coded for, because although the base is substituted for a different one, the codon still codes for the same amino acid due to the degenerate nature of the triplet code.
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A different amino acid is coded for for that particular triplet but the protein itself still remains functional.
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A premature STOP codon is coded for by the substitution which leads to a truncated,, non functional protein.
Question 26
Question
What is meant by a missense mutation?
Answer
-
The same amino acid is coded for, because although the base is substituted for a different one, the codon still codes for the same amino acid due to the degenerate nature of the triplet code.
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A different amino acid is coded for for that particular triplet but the protein itself still remains functional.
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A premature STOP codon is coded for by the substitution which leads to a truncated,, non functional protein.
Question 27
Question
What is meant by a nonsense mutation?
Answer
-
The same amino acid is coded for, because although the base is substituted for a different one, the codon still codes for the same amino acid due to the degenerate nature of the triplet code.
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A different amino acid is coded for for that particular triplet but the protein itself still remains functional.
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A premature STOP codon is coded for by the substitution which leads to a truncated,, non functional protein.
Question 28
Question
Deletion or insertion of 1,2,4 or 5 bases could cause a frameshift
Question 29
Question
A frameshift can completely alter the primary structure of a protein.
Question 30
Question
Most intronic mutations are not detrimental to the final protein.
Question 31
Question
A missense mutation can produce a partially working protein.