Cellular Death & Degeneration - L1-2

Somatic death - [blank_start]Disappearance of life from entire[blank_end] individual Necrosis - [blank_start]Local death of tissues or cells within a[blank_end] living individual Autolysis - [blank_start]Breakdown of cell and tissues caused by[blank_end] enzymes within the body Putrefaction - [blank_start]Breakdown of cells and tissues by[blank_end] bacteria from the surrounding environment, or from within the body itself Cellular Degeneration - Damage causes [blank_start]dysfunction of the sodium potassium pump[blank_end] resulting [blank_start]in build up of Na+ ions within the cell[blank_end], causing cell swelling Hypoxia - [blank_start]Lack of oxygen[blank_end] Systemic reactions - [blank_start]Enzymes released from the dying cells[blank_end] may be found in increased quantities in the serum Local reactions - [blank_start]Necrotic tissue initiates a mild local[blank_end] inflammatory reaction Liquefaction - [blank_start]Breakdown of tissue into liquid[blank_end] Suppuration - [blank_start]Liquefaction with pus formation[blank_end] Suppurative/Purulent - [blank_start]Type of exudate[blank_end]

Abscess - [blank_start]Pus confined within a tissue[blank_end] Sequestration - [blank_start]Encapsulation of necrotic tissue[blank_end] surrounded by fibrous capsule Erosion - [blank_start]Partial thickness of epithelium is lost[blank_end] Ulceration - [blank_start]Full thickness of epithelium is lost[blank_end] with damage to the basement membrane and exposure [blank_start]of underlying connective tissue[blank_end] Gangrene - [blank_start]Necrosis + Bacteria[blank_end] Putrefaction - [blank_start]Breakdown of organic matter by[blank_end] microorganisms Physiological Adaptions - [blank_start]Changes occurring in normal body[blank_end] conditions Pathological Adaptions - [blank_start]Changes occurring in disease[blank_end] conditions

Atrophy - [blank_start]An organ or tissue has reached normal[blank_end] size but then shrinks Hypertrophy - increase in the size of a tissue or organ [blank_start]due to an increase in the size of the[blank_end] individual cells Hypoplasia - [blank_start]Incomplete growth of an organ or tissue[blank_end] Aplasia - [blank_start]Absence of a tissue[blank_end] Atresia - [blank_start]Absence or closure of a luminal[blank_end] structure Hyperplasia - [blank_start]Increase in the number of cells[blank_end] in a tissue or organ Dysplasia - [blank_start]Abnormal architecture of a tissue or[blank_end] organ Metaplalsia - [blank_start]Change from one cell type to a different[blank_end] but related cell type

What are the changes that occur in the body after death 1. [blank_start]Cooling[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Rigor Mortis[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Blood Changes[blank_end] 4. [blank_start]Post-mortem degeneration[blank_end]

Rigor Mortis Muscles stiffen [blank_start]1-9 hours[blank_end] after death due to contraction [blank_start]of muscles as their supplies of energy[blank_end] decrease. Order of occurrence: [blank_start]Head[blank_end], [blank_start]Heart[blank_end], [blank_start]Diaphragm[blank_end], [blank_start]Limbs[blank_end] Disappears in the same order [blank_start]12-30 hours[blank_end] later. Rigor develops [blank_start]later[blank_end] in well-nourished animals as [blank_start]ATP can still be generated from glycogen[blank_end]. In warm temperatures, [blank_start]glycogen is used more quickly so[blank_end] rigor begins [blank_start]more quickly[blank_end].

Causes of Cellular Degeneration

Causes of Necrosis