Question 1
Question
Which of the following sentences describe property of fasciculus gracilis ?
Answer
-
It collects sensory input from lower part of the body
-
Collects sensory input from upper part of the body
-
It conducts impulses collected from muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs
-
It conveys touch and vibration sense
-
Second order neuron is located in medulla oblongata
-
Second order neuron is located in posterior horn of spinal cord
Question 2
Question
Which features are unique for unitary SMC?
Answer
-
They have BER (slow wave rhythm)
-
They have a plateau phase
-
They need action potential to initiate electrical activity
-
They are innervated by many nerve strands
-
They have gap junctions
Question 3
Question
What creates fEPSP in postganglionic sympathetic neurons ?
Question 4
Question
What is true about nerve fibers of the efferent ANS?
Answer
-
Preganglinic sympathetic axons are myelinated A fibers
-
Postganglionic parasympathetic axons are unmyelinated C-fiber
-
Preganglionic sympathetic axons are myelinated B-fibers
-
Preganglionic parasympathetic axons are unmyelinated C-fibers
Question 5
Question
Specific, where ligand gated channels are found in the neuron;
Answer
-
Dendrites
-
Cell body = soma
-
Axon hillock
-
Nodes of ranvier
Question 6
Question
Identify features that separate CARDIAC from skeletal muscles
Answer
-
It is build of thick and thin filaments
-
Action potential has a plateau phase
-
Cells can depolarize independent of external impulses
-
Calcium ins are stored in the endoplasmic reticulum
-
Gap junctions
Question 7
Question
The Resting membrane potential of a cellular membrane is dependent on:
Question 8
Question
In Neuromuscular junctions you can find:
Question 9
Question
ATP function in cross bridge cycle: In the cross bridge cycle of skeletal and cardiac muscle, ATP produces:
Answer
-
Tropomyosin and actin connection
-
Ca2+ released from Sarcoplasmic reticulum
-
ATP - energizing the power stroke of the myosin cross bridge
-
ATP - disconnecting the myosin cross bridge from the binding site on actin at a conclusion of a powerstroke
-
ATP - actively transporting Ca2+ ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Question 10
Answer
-
Voltage gated Cl- channel
-
Ligand gated Cl- channel
-
CL channel, gated with GABA
-
Activation/ release leads to IPSP
Question 11
Question
Co-transmitters and mediators in ANS:
Answer
-
Preganglionic cholinergic fibers
-
Postganglionic cholinergic fibers
-
Postganglionic adrenergic
-
Preganglionic adrenergic
Question 12
Question
Resting membrane potential in maintained by:
Question 13
Question
Standard Action potential of the neuron:
Answer
-
Reflects all or none law
-
Involves sodium, chloride and calcium channels
-
Can be summated in time and space
-
The amount of liberated neurotransmitter is proportionate to the frequency of action potential passing via p...
Question 14
Question
Which of the following cells are able to create action potential?
Answer
-
Olfactory receptor cells
-
Hair cells of the organ of Corti
-
Ganglion cells of the retina
-
Bipolar cells of the retina
Question 15
Question
Tetanic contraction of the skeletal muscle results from the cumulative increase in the intracellular concentration of which of the following?
Answer
-
ATP
-
Potassium ion
-
Phosphocreatine
-
Calcium ion
-
Troponin
Question 16
Question
Tetany can be observed in:
Answer
-
Decrease in Ca2+ (low plasma level)
-
Decrease in Mg2+ (low plasma levels)
-
Increase in Ca2+
-
Increase in temperature
-
Decrease in H+
-
Increase in HCO3-, K+ and HPO42-
-
Acidosis
-
Alkalosis
Question 17
Question
Identify right features common for all types of striated muscle:
Answer
-
Calmodulin intensifies activity of the calcium pump of SR, pumping ions back into ECF
-
T-tubules of the sarcolemma is rich in ligand gated channels
-
DHP receptor is the voltage gated structure of sarcolemma
-
Rise of concentration of calcium ion in cytosol of striated muscle cells is the necessary condition for generation of cross bridges
-
RyR is the ionotropic receptor of sarcolemma
Question 18
Question
In synaptic transmission:
Answer
-
Acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholine esterase in synaptic cleft. This finishes synaptic transmission
-
Postsynaptic inhibition depends on the number of IPSP and EPSP generated on particular postsynaptic membrane
-
Glycine produced EPSP in postsynaptic neuron
Question 19
Question
The site where the threshold potential (-55mV) has to occur in order to produce an action potential is:
Answer
-
Axon
-
Axon hillock
-
Soma
-
Dendrites
Question 20
Question
Choose which of the following statements are true (action potential):
Answer
-
The site where the threshold potential (-55mV) has to occur in order to produce an action potential is the axon hillock
-
During its resting state, the electrical charge inside the neuron is negative compared to the outside
-
In response to an action potential, a presynaptic neuron releases a chemical called a neurotransmitter which diffuses across the synaptic cleft to activate ligand receptor on the postsynaptic cell
-
The reason why there is a sudden shift in the electrical potential of the neuron (from about -70mv to about +50mv) during an action potential is largely due to the sudden influx of potassium ions.
Question 21
Question
Which of the followings are peptide hormones:
Answer
-
Thyroxine, aldosterone, growth hormone;
-
Insulin, epinephrine, dopamine;
-
Vasopressin, oxytocin, insulin;
-
Parathyroid hormone, growth hormone, calcitonin
Question 22
Answer
-
The axons convey impulse away from the cell body;
-
Neurotransmitters are synthesized in the cell bodies and then transported to the axons
-
The condition velocity decreases with fiber diameter
-
The excitability is increased if the extracellular calcium concentration is decreased
Question 23
Question
Fill the blank with the correct words:"During the neuron's resting state, large amounts of positive ______ ions are found in the extracellular fluid, whereas relatively more positive ______ ions are found inside the cell."
Answer
-
sodium, potassium
-
potassium, sodium
-
potassium, chloride
-
chloride, potassium
Question 24
Question
The conduction velocity of the nerve fibers is increased by:
Question 25
Question
Place the following neurons in order of their speed of conduction , from faster to slowest: (they are in the correct order seen below
a. myelinated axon, diameter 20um
b. unmyelinated axon, diameter 200um
c. unmyelinated axon, diameter 20um
Question 26
Question
The presence of myelin allows an axon to:
Answer
-
Produce more frequent action potentials
-
Conduct impulses more rapidly
-
Produce action potential of larger amplitude
-
Action potential of longer duration
Question 27
Question
Hair cells of semicircular canals:
Answer
-
Respond to linear acceleration
-
Discharge at rest
-
Depolarize when bend towards kinocilium
-
Saccule and Utricle
-
Signals linear acceleration
Question 28
Question
Hair cells are located:
Question 29
Question
Vestibular Nystagmus:
Answer
-
Triggered by linear acceleration
-
Toward warm ear in Barany test
-
Opposite of Barany rotation test
-
Defined by its slow phase
-
not envoked in normal healthy people
-
postrotatory side is in opposite direction
-
slow eye movement - vestibular occular reflex
-
slow eye movement - vertigo
Question 30
Answer
-
In damage to Wernick's area, person can talk fluently but poor auditory comprehension and poor repetition of heard and read words (cant name)
-
In damage to wernick's area, person can talk fluenty with good auditory comprehension, but is not able to repeat heard and read words
-
In damage to Broca's speech area, person can talk fluently, but poor auditory comprehension and able to repeat heard words
-
In damage to Broca's speech area, person can't talk fluently, but good auditory comprehension (can't name and repeat)
Question 31
Question 32
Question
Primary somatosensory cortex: Primary sensory cortex
Question 33
Question
Defects of left geniculocalcarine tract (left optic radiation / optic tract):
Answer
-
Temporal half of left retina
-
Temporal half of right retina
-
Nasal half of left retina
-
Nasal half of right retina
-
Both halves of semis retina
Question 34
Question
Concerning stretch reflex:
Answer
-
Anulospiral endings continued by afferent myelinated Ib fibers.
-
Anulospiral endings continued by afferent myelinated Ia fibers
-
Efferent cdr fibers of anterior horn
-
Efferent A alfa fibers of anterior horn
-
Flower - spray endings continued by efferent myelinated group III fibers
Question 35
Question
What is correct regarding reflexes:
Answer
-
Stretch reflex is a monosynaptic
-
Stretch reflex is a polysynaptic
-
Inverse stretch reflex is a withdrawal reflex
-
Annulospiral and flower-spray in endings muscle spindle
Question 36
Question
Identify correct statements concerning delta waves:
Answer
-
Deepest part of NREM sleep
-
Lower muscle tone in skeletal muscle
-
More than 50% of normal EEG
-
Spindles of theta waves
Question 37
Question
Elements of the visual pathway: (6 correct)
Answer
-
medial geniculate body
-
lateral geniculate body
-
retina, small retina cells
-
optic disc and optic radiation
-
purkinje cells
-
bipolar cells, photosensitive cells and ganglion cells
-
optic chiasm
-
neurons of visual cortex
Question 38
Question
Neurons of visual pathway are (mind the order): (ONLY 5 are correct)
a. Photosensitive cells
b. Bipolar cells
c. Ganglion cells
d. Cells of lateral geniculate body of thalamus
e. Neurons of visual cortex (bordmans area 17)
f. Purkinje cells
g. Cells of medial geniculate body of thalamus
Answer
-
a, b, c, f, g
-
a, b, c, d, e
-
a, c, f, b, g
-
a, b, f, d, e
Question 39
Question
Fast superficial pain:
Answer
-
Cerebral cortex
-
Transmitted by unmyelinated fibers
-
Bright and easy to localise
-
Transmitted by myelinated A fibers (delta)
-
Short lasting pain signals (sharp)
Question 40
Question
Pacinian corpuscle:
Question 41
Question
Defects of cerebellum;
Answer
-
Ataxia, failure of progression
-
Poor coordination, decomposition of body movements
-
Intention tremor
-
Resting tremor
-
Adiadochonkinesia/ dysdiadochokinesia
-
cerebellar nystagmus (tremor of eyes)
-
past pointing, dysmetria & hypotonia
-
Synergia
Question 42
Question
Mechanoreceptor are located in:
Question 43
Question
The reflex arc of the withdrawal reflex is composed of (5)
Answer
-
nociceptor
-
muscle spindle
-
Ia sensory fibers
-
Ib sensory fibers
-
A delta fiber
-
excitatory interneurons
-
inhibitory interneurons
-
alpha motor neurons
Question 44
Question
Fovea centralis (4)
Answer
-
Located medially to optic disc
-
Located superior to optic disc
-
Located laterally to optic disc (temporal)
-
Located inferior to optic disc
-
Is located in center of macula lutea of retina
-
Is closely packed with cones
-
Greatest visual acuity (central vision)
Question 45
Question
Cholinergic neurons of autonomic nervous system (Ach)
Answer
-
postganglionic parasympathetic
-
preganglionic Parasympathetic
-
postganglionic sympathetic
-
preganglionic sympathetic
-
Alpha motor
Question 46
Question
Tapping of the patellar elicits a reflex contraction of the quadriceps muscle, Which of the following proceeds the contraction of the quadriceps femoris?
Answer
-
The Ia afferents from the quadriceps muscle spindle increase their rate of firing
-
The Ib afferents from the Golgi tendon organ increase their rate of firing
-
The alpha-motoneurons innervating the extradural muscle fibers increase their rate of firing
-
The gamma-motoneurons innervating the intrafusal muscle increase their rate of firing
-
The alpha-motoneurons to the antagonist muscles increase their rate of firing
Question 47
Question
Which of the following are elements of the reflec arc of the inverse stretch reflex?
Answer
-
Inhibitory interneuron of the spinal cord
-
Gamma motor neuron innervating extratusal skeletal muscle cells
-
Golgi tendon organ
-
Ib sensory fiber from the annulospinal ending
-
Alpha-motor neuron innervating extrafusal skeletal muscle cells
-
C fiber collecting input from the muscle spindle
-
Sensory protoneuron of the dorsal root ganglion collecting input from type la sensory fiber
Question 48
Question
Identify the FIRST and the LAST stage of the phototransduction of rods right after absorption of light:
Answer
-
Hyperpolarization and photoreceptor
-
Activation of transduction
-
Increase of the concentration of cGMP
-
Changing of the retinal configuration from the cis-form to the more energetic trans-form
-
Closure of the cGMP dependent Na+ channel
-
Reduction of the concentration of cGMP
Question 49
Question
Find right statement concerning audition:
Answer
-
Frequency of vibration of the basilar membrane differs frequency of vibration of the ear drum
-
The apical part of the basilar membrane resonate the most in response to the tone of 200Hz
-
Outer hair cells of the cochlea help to discriminate loudness of the sound
-
Inner hair cells of the cochlea function as detectors of the tone pitch
-
Tone of 20kHz produces vibration of the entire basilar membrane
Question 50
Question
Identify right statements concerning olfactory transduction (mind the proper order of events) that develops right after odorant:
Answer
-
Activation of G-protein complex (Golf)
-
Activation of the adenyl cyclase and synthesis of cAMP
-
Ca2+ opens Cl-outward channels that produce depolarization that reaches axon hillock
-
Generation of the action potential in cilia of the olfactory cells
Question 51
Question
Symptoms of cerebellar defects might be:
1. Resting tremor.
2. Ataxia, dyscoordination of voluntary and involuntary movements.
3. Flaccid paralysis.
4. Spasticity and exaggerated stretch reflexes.
5. Broad-based gait and intention tremor.
6. Atrophy of muscles.
7. Dyscoordination of only involuntary movements.
Answer
-
1, 2, 4
-
2, 5
-
4, 5, 7
-
3, 6
Question 52
Question
Which of following cells are cholinergic neurons of the Autonomic Nervous System (liberate Ach):
1. Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons.
2. Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons.
3. Preganglionic sympathetic neurons.
4. Postganglionic sympathetic neurons to gastric glands.
5. Alpha-motor neurons of the anterior horns.
Answer
-
1, 2, 3, 4
-
2, 3, 4, 5
-
1, 2, 3
-
1, 2, 3, 5
Question 53
Question
Parasympathetic system:
1. Produces contraction of the gallbladder
2. Increases velocity of conduction in the atrin of the atrioventricular node of the intrinsic conduction system of heart.
3. Produces contraction of detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder.
4. Produces dilation of airways (bronchodilation).
Question 54
Question
Anterior (ventral) spinothalamic tract is composed of (PROPER ORDER of NEURONS is required):
1. Neurons in posterior horn of the spinal cord.
2. Dorsal root ganglion cell.
3. Neurons in nucleus gracilis.
4. Neurons in ventral posterolateral nuclei of the thalamus.
5. Neurons in postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex.
Answer
-
2, 3, 4, 5
-
2, 1, 3, 4, 5
-
1, 2, 4, 5
-
2, 1, 4, 5
Question 55
Question
Which of following phenomena are mediated by alpha-adrenergic receptor:
1. Intestinal relaxation.
2. Urinary bladder sphincter contraction.
3. Lipogenesis.
4. Bronchodilation.
Question 56
Question
Identify all true statements concerning threshold potential
Answer
-
Threshold potential equals -40mV in standard neurons.
-
Threshold potential is the minimum amplitude of the stimulus which is able to elicit action potential.
-
The lower the threshold potential, the higher cell excitability.
-
Threshold potential is the membrane charge able to open voltage gated channels initiating spontaneous distribution of excitation.
Question 57
Question
Identify right statements concerning phenomena that begin depolarization of the skeletal muscle cell:
Answer
-
Activation of nicotinic receptor of the skeletal muscle cell generates action potential of the motor end plate.
-
Binding of Ach to the nicotinic receptor produces end plate potential.
-
End plate potential of the sarcolemma of the skeletal muscle cell is produced by the ligand gated channel.
-
Activation of the muscarinic M1 receptor produces IPSP of the motor end-plate.
Question 58
Answer
-
The G-protein that breaks down cGMP.
-
Extremely sensitive to light. It begins phototransduction being entered by a single photon of light.
-
A metabotropic G-protein coupled receptor.
-
The ionotropic receptor gated by GABA (GABAC receptor)
-
Embedded in the membrane of free floating discs of the outer segment of the rod cell.
Question 59
Question
How far from the lens is the focal point of the eye, which refractive power is 50 dioptres?
Question 60
Question
Sentences related to afferent (ascending) pathways of the spinal cord:
Answer
-
All spinal pathways to cerebral cortex pass through transitional nuclei of thalamus.
-
They conduct exteroceptive, proprioceptive and auditory sensation.
-
Unconscious proprioceptive sensation terminates with mossy fibers on granule cells of cerebellar cortex.
-
Their second neurons can be located in spinal cord or medulla oblongata.
Question 61
Question
Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex:
Answer
-
Are excited by climbing fibers from the olivary nuclei
-
Collect efferent output from deep cerebellar nuclei.
-
Are located in molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex
-
Release GABA from their axon terminals. They produce inhibitory effect to deep cerebellar nuclei.
Question 62
Question
Nociception is conducted by:
Answer
-
Lateral spinothalmic tract
-
The same pathway as the vibration and fine, precise touch
-
The same pathway as the input from thermoreceptors
-
Pathways of concious and unconscious proprioception
Question 63
Question
Gamma-motor neurons:
Answer
-
They terminate in form of flower spray endings in peripheral part of the muscle spindle
-
Their bodies are located in intermediolateral part of the grey matter of the spinal cord (lateral horn).
-
They terminate in form of plate and trail endings on the nuclear bag and the nuclear chain fibres of muscle spindles.
-
They are lower motor neurons of the reticulospinal tract.
Question 64
Question
Sensory input to the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe originates from:
Answer
-
Mechanoreceptors of the vestibular organ.
-
Mechanoreceptors of the organ of Corti.
-
Annulospiral endings and flower spray ending of muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs
-
Nociceptors of the slow pain pathways.
Question 65
Question
Excitation-contraction coupling in SMOOTH muscle cells involves following events EXCEPT for:
Answer
-
Inward calcium current via the ryanodine receptor of the cellular membrane.
-
Activation of the IP3 receptor of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
-
Shortening of sarcomere
-
Formation of calcium-calmodulin complex.
Question 66
Question
Which statements concerning audition are right?
Answer
-
Conduction deafness develops in effect of damage of the cochlea of the inner ear.
-
In conduction deafness, bone conduction of sound is better/longer than air conduction in Rinne test.
-
In Schwabach test, bone conduction of sound of the healthy examiner is better than bone conduction of the patient suffering from sensorineural loss of hearing.
-
In Weber test, sound lateralizes (is heard louder) toward defected ear in conduction deafness.
Question 67
Question
Lidocaine, commonly used agent for local anesthesia, blocks action of the fast voltage-gated sodium channel. Identify effects you expect:
Answer
-
It produces postsynaptic inhibition decreasing neural excitability.
-
It produces presynaptic inhibition within neural axons decreasing their threshold of excitability.
-
It increases the amount of GABA – spinal neurotransmitter producing IPSP
-
It has no effect on the threshold of excitability of neurons.
-
It creates anesthetic effect by interrupting of propagation of the exteroception, including pain, via nerves.
Question 68
Question
Which of following are elements of the reflex arc of the inverse-stretch reflex?
Answer
-
Alpha-motor neuron projecting its axon to skeletal muscle cells.
-
Excitatory interneuron of the spinal cord.
-
The muscle spindle aligned parallel to extrafusal muscle fibers.
-
Alpha-motor neuron projecting its axon to the flexor muscles of the ipsilateral limb.
-
Golgi tendon organ.
-
Sensory protoneuron of the dorsal root ganglion collecting input from A delta fiber.
-
Sensory protoneuron of the dorsal root ganglion collecting input from A alpha sensory fiber.
Question 69
Answer
-
Far point of vision can be located even 1 meter from the eye.
-
It is related to increased focal length of the eyeball.
-
It is related to decreased focal length of the eyeball.
-
Far objects are focused on retina while near objects behind the retina.
-
Near objects are focused on retina while far objects in front of the retina.
Question 70
Question
Identify right statements concerning SLOW PAIN:
Answer
-
It is modulated by inhibitory interneurons of substantia gelatinosa of the dorsal horn.
-
It is transmitted by unmyelinated C-fibers.
-
It is conducted via midline and intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus to the cingulate gyrus of the cortex.
-
It is not transmitted to the cerebral cortex, it reaches only limbic system and hypothalamus.
-
It is “bright”, easily localized pain, transmitted by Ad-fibers (A delta).
-
It is intensified by neurons of substantia gelatinosa (SG).
Question 71
Question
Left optic tract aggregates axons of ganglion cells from:
Answer
-
Temporal half of the left retina.
-
Temporal half of the right retina.
-
Nasal half of the left retina.
-
Nasal half of the right retina.
-
Both right hemiretinas (right halves of both retinas)
Question 72
Question
Which of following statements properly concern inhibitory interneurons of the spinal cord:
Answer
-
Renshaw cells receive the output from alpha motor neurons and perform their recurrent inhibition.
-
Inhibitory interneurons are involved in eliciting myotatic reflexes.
-
In effect of reciprocal innervation, inhibitory interneurons bring relaxation of extensor muscles in withdrawal reflex.
-
Inhibitory interneurons of the cord are mostly GABAergic, mediating IPSP and cellular hyperpolarization via GABAA receptor.
Question 73
Question
Purkinje cells in Basal Ganglia of cerebellar cortex ?
Answer
-
Receive efferent fibers from deep cerebellar cortex
-
Exited by climbing fibers
-
Inhibited by mossy fibers
-
Connected with caudate nucleus
Question 74
Answer
-
Granule cells strongly excites purkinje cells
-
Climbing cells are from inferior olivary nucleus
-
Climbing cells can excite mossy fibers
-
Granule cells are part of cerebellum
Question 75
Question
True about gamma motor neurons:
Answer
-
They maintain activity of Ia afferent
-
They detect the length of extrafusal muscle fibres
-
They produce contraction of nuclear bag and chain fibres
-
They stimulate the activity of Ib fibres
Question 76
Question
Location of cholinergic receptors:
Answer
-
Endocrine cells of medulla of adrenal gland
-
Sarcolemma of smooth muscle cells of urinary bladder
-
Sarcolemma of skeletal muscle cells
-
Sarcolemma of smooth muscle cells of systemic veins -
Question 77
Question
What statement is right concerning beta rhythm:
Answer
-
Appears when patients eyes are open
-
Low frequencies high amplitude in NREM sleep
-
Forms sleep spindles in EEG
-
Appears over occipital lobes when eyes are closed
-
Measured mostly on frontal lobe for conscious thought
Question 78
Question
Dark adaptation of the eye:
Answer
-
Degeneration of rhodopsin
-
Regeneration of light sensitive of rhodopsin
-
Constriction of pupil
-
Dilation of pupil
-
Increased sensitivity of retina for light
Question 79
Question
Right statements concerning visual acuity:
Answer
-
In the top row of the Snellen chart letters are separated by 1 arc. It can be read from 50m away
-
It is the nearest point to the eye at which an object can be brought into clear focus by accommodation
-
Is related to the smallest angle by which two points can be separated
and still perceived as two points.
-
Is determined by ophthalmoscope