Aqueous and Non-aqueous solutions

Ion exchange resins:Cation-exchange resins (The Acid exchangers): Styrene and divenylbenzene containing sulfonic acid groups.Anion-exchange resins (The Base Exchangers): Styrene containing quaternary ammonium groups.

Mucilages: thick viscous solutions used as thickening agents.

Sucrose has a stable pH range of 4 to 8

external: acetone, benzene and petroleum etherinternal: ethanol. glycerol, sorbitol, PG and certain oils

Dimethylsulphoxide: highly polaraids the penetration of drugs through skinEthyl ether:used for extraction of crude drugsLiquid paraffin:oilyoften used as a solvent in topical emulsion formulations

Preservatives:

Preservatives:Phenols, cresols and Benzyl Alcohol: injections and topicalPara hydroxyl benzoic acid and paraben: oral, injections, topical and eye dropsQuaternary Ammonium compounds (Benzalkonium chloride): topical and eye dropsMercury Compound (Phenyl mercury nitrate): injections and eye drops

Antioxidants:Sodium metabisulfite and  sodium sulfite for aqueous solutions

Spirits (essences):alcoholic or hydroalcoholicvolatile materials62 - 80% alcoholflavoring agentsTinctures:alcoholic or hydroalcoholicnon volatile materialsconcentration of solute ≤50%potent drugs --> 10g of drug/100mlnon potent drugs --> 20g of drug/100mlElixirs:Hydroalcoholic onlyusually flavored5-40% alcoholmore stable than aqueous syrupsaddition of water --> turbidity and separationduring preparation, aqueous solution added to alcohol solution rather than reverse.

Rectal preparations:Fleet enemasBarium enemas ??

Linctuses:Cough reliefactive drug in high sucrose concentration often with other sweeteners

Micromolecular Solutions:1-10 A sizeMW dispersed particlesMacromolecular Solutions:MW >10000true solutionsCannot be sterilized by filtrationviscous

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