15019865
Descripción
Test por Rachel Rivera, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por Rachel Rivera
hace alrededor de 6 años
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Pregunta 1
Pregunta
Which organ is considered a "neuroendocrine" organ? [blank_start]hypothalamus[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
hypothalamus
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
Which organ system works with the endocrine system to control or regulate body function?
[blank_start]nervous system[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
nervous system
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
The endocrine system controls, regulates, and maintains [blank_start]homeostasis[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
homeostasis
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
What glands have both exocrine and endocrine functions? [blank_start]pancreas[blank_end], [blank_start]gonads[blank_end], [blank_start]placenta[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
pancreas
-
gonads
-
placenta
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
[blank_start]Hormones[blank_end] - travel in blood or lymph over long distances
[blank_start]Autocrines[blank_end] - exert effects on same cells that secrete them
[blank_start]Paracrines[blank_end] - affect local cells but not those that secrete them
Respuesta
-
Hormones
-
Autocrines
-
Paracrines
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
Autocrines and Paracrines are considered part of the endocrine system
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
What are the three types of chemical messengers?
[blank_start]hormones[blank_end], [blank_start]autocrines[blank_end], [blank_start]paracrines[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
hormones
-
autocrines
-
paracrines
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
Which cells are affected by hormones?
Respuesta
-
organ cells
-
tissue cells
-
neural cells
-
target cells
-
muscle cells
-
all cells
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
What are the two main chemical classes of hormones?
[blank_start]amino acid-based[blank_end]
[blank_start]steroids[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
amino acid-based
-
steroids
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
What chemical class are most hormones?
Respuesta
-
amino acid-based
-
steroids
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
Steroids are synthesized from [blank_start]cholesterol[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
cholesterol
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
Gonadal (sex) hormones and Adrenocortical hormones are considered what chemical class? [blank_start]steroid[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
steroid
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Hormones circulate through blood to all body cells, but only cells with [blank_start]receptors[blank_end] for a specific hormone will respond to that hormone.
Respuesta
-
receptors
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
The two mechanisms of hormone action are [blank_start]water[blank_end]-[blank_start]soluble[blank_end] hormones and [blank_start]lipid[blank_end]-[blank_start]soluble[blank_end] hormones.
Respuesta
-
water
-
soluble
-
lipid
-
soluble
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
All amino-acid based hormones except thyroid hormone are [blank_start]water-soluble hormones[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
water-soluble hormones
-
lipid-soluble hormones
-
autocrine hormones
-
paracrine hormones
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
Steroids and thyroid hormones are [blank_start]lipid-soluble hormones[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
lipid-soluble hormones
-
water-soluble hormones
-
paracrine hormones
-
autocrine hormones
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
Characterize the Nervous System vs. Endocrine System:
messenger: [blank_start]electrochemical impulses[blank_end] vs. [blank_start]chemical messengers[blank_end]
response time: [blank_start]quick[blank_end] vs. [blank_start]slow[blank_end]
duration of response: [blank_start]short[blank_end] vs. [blank_start]long[blank_end]
target location: [blank_start]local[blank_end] vs. [blank_start]distant[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
electrochemical impulses
-
chemical messengers
-
chemical messengers
-
electrochemical impulses
-
quick
-
slow
-
slow
-
quick
-
short
-
long
-
long
-
short
-
local
-
distant
-
distant
-
local
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
Synthesis/release of most hormones is controlled by [blank_start]negative[blank_end] feedback mechanism.
Respuesta
-
negative
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
Amino acid hormones (except thyroid hormones) bind to [blank_start]receptors[blank_end] in the plasma membrane and then act via intracellular [blank_start]second[blank_end] messengers. This is called the [blank_start]Cyclic[blank_end] [blank_start]AMP[blank_end] [blank_start]signaling[blank_end] mechanism.
Respuesta
-
receptors
-
second
-
Cyclic
-
AMP
-
signaling
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
Cyclic AMP signaling mechanism steps
1. [blank_start]Hormone binds to membr. receptor[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Recptr binds & actv G protein @ cell mem[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]G protein actv. adenylate cyclase[blank_end]
4. [blank_start]Adenylate cyclase conv ATP to cyclic AMP[blank_end]
5. [blank_start]cAMP activates protein kinases[blank_end]
6. [blank_start]Protein kinases phosphorylate proteins[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
Hormone binds to membr. receptor
-
Recptr binds & actv G protein @ cell mem
-
G protein actv. adenylate cyclase
-
Adenylate cyclase conv ATP to cyclic AMP
-
cAMP activates protein kinases
-
Protein kinases phosphorylate proteins
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
The Cyclic AMP signaling mechanism has a [blank_start]hormone[blank_end] first messenger and a [blank_start]cAMP[blank_end] second messenger.
Respuesta
-
hormone
-
cAMP
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
The cyclic AMP signaling mechanism starts with a [blank_start]hormone[blank_end] (first messenger) binding to a [blank_start]membrane[blank_end] receptor. The receptor binds and activates [blank_start]G protein[blank_end] at the cell [blank_start]membrane[blank_end]. This activates [blank_start]adenylate cyclase[blank_end] (enzyme), which converts ATP to [blank_start]cyclic AMP[blank_end] (second messenger). The second messenger activates [blank_start]protein kinases[blank_end] which then [blank_start]phosphorylate[blank_end] proteins.
Respuesta
-
hormone
-
membrane
-
G protein
-
membrane
-
adenylate cyclase
-
cyclic AMP
-
protein kinases
-
phosphorylate
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
In the cyclic AMP signaling mechanism, each adenylate cyclase generates [blank_start]many[blank_end] cAMP molecules which then activates protein kinases which phosphorylates [blank_start]many[blank_end] proteins triggering a [blank_start]cascade[blank_end] of chemical reactions called the [blank_start]amplification[blank_end] effect.
Respuesta
-
many
-
many
-
cascade
-
amplification
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
Action of cAMP is brief because it is rapidly degraded by enzyme [blank_start]phosphodiesterase[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
phosphodiesterase
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
It is OK for cAMP to be broken down because of the [blank_start]amplification effect[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
amplification effect
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
Intracellular receptors and direct gene activation steps:
1. [blank_start]Diffuse into target cells[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]bind to and actv. intracellular receptor[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]Recp-horm complex enters nucleus[blank_end] &
[blank_start]binds to specific region of DNA[blank_end]
4. [blank_start]Binding to DNA "turns on" a gene[blank_end]
[blank_start]initiates transcription of DNA to mRNA[blank_end]
5. [blank_start]mRNA exits nucleus & binds to ribosomes[blank_end]
6. [blank_start]mRNA is translated[blank_end]
[blank_start]directs protein synthesis on ribosomes[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
Diffuse into target cells
-
bind to and actv. intracellular receptor
-
Recp-horm complex enters nucleus
-
binds to specific region of DNA
-
Binding to DNA "turns on" a gene
-
initiates transcription of DNA to mRNA
-
mRNA exits nucleus & binds to ribosomes
-
mRNA is translated
-
directs protein synthesis on ribosomes
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
[blank_start]Thyroxin[blank_end] receptors are found on nearly all cells of body and the hormone is the main regulator of cellular [blank_start]metabolism[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
Thyroxin
-
metabolism
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
Target cell activation depends on the three factors:
1. [blank_start]blood levels[blank_end] of hormone
2. [blank_start]number of receptors[blank_end] on or in the target cell
3. [blank_start]affinity of binding[blank_end] between the hormone and receptor
Respuesta
-
blood levels
-
number of receptors
-
affinity of binding
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
The three types of stimuli that trigger hormone release are:
1. [blank_start]humoral[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]neural[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]hormonal[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
humoral
-
neural
-
hormonal
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
What is the stimuli?
[blank_start]neural[blank_end] - nervous system fibers stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete catecholamines in response to stress
[blank_start]humoral[blank_end] - Blood Ca2+ monitored by parathyroid gland (releases PTH when levels are low)
[blank_start]hormonal[blank_end] - hypothalamus hormones stimulate release of most anterior pituitary hormones which then stimulate other endocrine glands to release their hormones
Respuesta
-
neural
-
humoral
-
hormonal
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
What is the cycle which inhibits the release of anterior pituitary hormones due to increasing levels of hormones from the final target organs?
[blank_start]hypothalamic[blank_end]-[blank_start]pituitary[blank_end]-[blank_start]target[blank_end] [blank_start]endocrine[blank_end] [blank_start]organ[blank_end] [blank_start]feedback[blank_end] [blank_start]loop[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
hypothalamic
-
pituitary
-
target
-
endocrine
-
organ
-
feedback
-
loop
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
[blank_start]Nervous system[blank_end] can override normal endocrine controls and thus maintain [blank_start]homeostasis[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
Nervous system
-
homeostasis
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
The nervous system will override normal endocrine controls when under [blank_start]severe stress[blank_end]. The [blank_start]hypothalamus[blank_end] and [blank_start]sympathetic[blank_end] nervous system are activated to override insulin control of blood glucose levels. Blood glucose levels rise to be used if needed during fight-or-flight.
Respuesta
-
severe stress
-
hypothalamus
-
sympathetic
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
Most hormones circulate in the blood as:
Respuesta
-
free
-
bound to protein carrier
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
Which hormones circulate bound to a protein carrier?
Respuesta
-
amino-acid based except thyroid
-
steroids and thyroid hormone
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
Concentration of circulating hormone reflects the rate of release of the hormone and speed of inactivation and removal from the body.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
After hormones have exerted their effects, most hormones are removed from the blood and broken down by the [blank_start]kidneys[blank_end] and [blank_start]liver[blank_end]. The resulting breakdown products are excreted in the [blank_start]urine[blank_end] and [blank_start]feces[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
kidneys
-
liver
-
urine
-
feces
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
Only one hormone may act on the same target cell at the same time.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
What are the three types of hormone interaction?
1. [blank_start]permissiveness[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]synergism[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]antagonism[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
permissiveness
-
synergism
-
antagonism
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
Characterize the following examples:
Glucagon from pancreas and epinephrine from adrenal glands cause liver to release glucose to bloodstream - [blank_start]synergism[blank_end]
Thyroid hormone is necessary for normal development of reproductive structures - [blank_start]permissiveness[blank_end]
insulin lower blood glucose levels while glucagon raises blood glucose levels - [blank_start]antagonism[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
synergism
-
permissiveness
-
antagonism
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
The pituitary gland (hypophysis) is connected to the hypothalamus by the [blank_start]infundibulum[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
infundibulum
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
The posterior pituitary lobe is made of [blank_start]neural[blank_end] tissue containing cells called [blank_start]pituicytes[blank_end]. The anterior pituitary lobe is made of [blank_start]glandular[blank_end] tissue which is a type of [blank_start]epithelial[blank_end] tissue. The tissue contains [blank_start]basophil[blank_end] cells which produce the tropic hormones and [blank_start]acidophil[blank_end] cells which produce non-tropic hormones.
Respuesta
-
pituicytes
-
neural
-
glandular
-
epithelial
-
basophil
-
acidophil
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
The pituitary gland is located in the [blank_start]hypophyseal[blank_end] [blank_start]fossa[blank_end] of the [blank_start]sella[blank_end] [blank_start]turcica[blank_end] of the sphenoid bone.
Respuesta
-
hypophyseal
-
fossa
-
sella
-
turcica
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
The posterior pituitary is considered a true endocrine gland
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
The posterior pituitary lobe connects to the hypothalamus via the [blank_start]hypothalamic[blank_end]-[blank_start]hypophyseal[blank_end] [blank_start]tract[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
hypothalamic
-
hypophyseal
-
tract
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
Steps to release hormones from posterior pituitary: The hypothalamic [blank_start]neurons[blank_end] synthesize [blank_start]neurohormones[blank_end]. They are transported down the [blank_start]axons[blank_end] of the [blank_start]hypothalamic[blank_end]-[blank_start]hypophyseal[blank_end] tract to the posterior pituitary and stored in the [blank_start]axon terminals[blank_end]. In response to hypothalamic neurons firing, [blank_start]action potentials[blank_end] arriving at the posterior pituitary cause the release of the [blank_start]neurohormones[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
neurons
-
neurohormones
-
axons
-
hypothalamic
-
hypophyseal
-
axon terminals
-
action potentials
-
neurohormones
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
The two neurohormones released by the posterior pituitary are [blank_start]oxytocin[blank_end] and [blank_start]antidiuretic hormone[blank_end] which are [blank_start]amino acid-based[blank_end] hormones.
Respuesta
-
oxytocin
-
antidiuretic hormone
-
amino acid-based
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
The anterior pituitary lobe is connect to the hypothalamus which is a [blank_start]vascular[blank_end] connection called the [blank_start]hypophyseal[blank_end] [blank_start]portal[blank_end] [blank_start]system[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
vascular
-
hypophyseal
-
portal
-
system
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
The hypophyseal portal system consists of a [blank_start]primary capillary plexus[blank_end] located in the [blank_start]infundibulum[blank_end], [blank_start]hypohyseal portal veins[blank_end], and a [blank_start]secondary capillary plexus[blank_end] located in the [blank_start]anterior pituitary lobe[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
primary capillary plexus
-
infundibulum
-
hypohyseal portal veins
-
secondary capillary plexus
-
anterior pituitary lobe
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
Which gland do the the 6 tropic hormones released from the hypothalamus stimulate?
[blank_start]anterior pituitary gland[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
anterior pituitary gland
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
[blank_start]Osmoreceptors[blank_end] in hypothalamus monitor blood solute (and water) concentration. When there is too much concentrate posterior pituitary secretes [blank_start]ADH[blank_end] (abbreviation) into blood.
Respuesta
-
Osmoreceptors
-
ADH
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
Gigantism occurs due to excessive [blank_start]GH[blank_end] (abr) targeting active [blank_start]epiphyseal[blank_end] [blank_start]plates[blank_end] before they close.
Respuesta
-
GH
-
epiphyseal
-
plates
Pregunta 53
Pregunta
Acromegaly is due to an abundance of [blank_start]GH[blank_end] (abr.) and is often caused due to an [blank_start]anterior[blank_end] pituitary [blank_start]tumor[blank_end]. Affects only the [blank_start]hands[blank_end], [blank_start]feet[blank_end], and [blank_start]face[blank_end] due to ephiphyseal plates having already closed.
Respuesta
-
GH
-
anterior
-
tumor
-
hands
-
feet
-
face
Pregunta 54
Pregunta
The [blank_start]anterior pituitary[blank_end] was called the "master endocrine gland" because many of its hormones regulate activity of other endocrine glands.
Respuesta
-
anterior pituitary
Pregunta 55
Pregunta
What disease is indicated by increased urine output, intense thirst, and is premeditated by damage to the head? [blank_start]Diabetes insipidus[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
Diabetes insipidus
Pregunta 56
Pregunta
What syndrome is marked by retention of fluid, brain edema, headache, and disorientation especially following neurosurgery/general anesthesia, meningitis, hypothalamic injury, or lung cancer? [blank_start]Syndrome[blank_end] of [blank_start]inappropriate[blank_end] [blank_start]ADH[blank_end] [blank_start]secretion[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
Syndrome
-
inappropriate
-
ADH
-
secretion
Pregunta 57
Pregunta
When high concentrations of ADH are released during severe blood loss, blood pressure is [blank_start]raised[blank_end] and [blank_start]vasoconstriction[blank_end] occurs.
Respuesta
-
raised
-
vasoconstriction
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