BIOL2022 L07 Three cardinal sins: Non-independence, Confounding, Pseudoreplication

Non-independence causes:

Pseudoreplication = “The use of inferential statistics to test for treatment effects with data from experiments where either TREATMENTS ARE NOT REPLICATED (though samples may be), or REPLICATES ARE NOT STATISTICALLY INDEPENDENT.” True or false: An experiment on a sediment core which has been stratified into 5 sub-samples (n=5) avoids pseudoreplication as measurement bias has eliminated.

Pseudoreplication = “The use of inferential statistics to test for treatment effects with data from experiments where either TREATMENTS ARE NOT REPLICATED (though samples may be), or REPLICATES ARE NOT STATISTICALLY INDEPENDENT.” True or false: An experiment on a sediment core which has been split into 5 sub-samples falls into pseudoreplication as only one sediment core (n=1) is being used.

Experiment: A drug trial using mice is investigating whether drug [x] has an effect on heart rate. A positive effect is found, but this could be because the injection itself causes tachycardia. This in an example of: