20448624
Pregunta 1
Pregunta
Histone modification and chromatin remodeling...
Respuesta
-
alter the accessibility of genes for transcription
-
shifts allele frequencies
-
results from mutated gene products or abnormally expressed genes
-
Results from unregulated cell growth that forms a multi cellular mass removed by surgery, causing no serious harm
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
Natural selection is the principal for that _________ within large populations?
Respuesta
-
shifts allele frequencies
-
histone modification and chromatin remodeling
-
shifts gene frequencies
-
chromatin modification and histone remodeling
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
Cancer are caused by mutations in ______ cells
Respuesta
-
somatic
-
germ-line
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
[blank_start]5[blank_end]% of cancers are caused by germ-line mutations.
Respuesta
-
5
-
10
-
90
-
95
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
Genomic alternations associated with cancer include?
Respuesta
-
Single-nucleotide substitutions
-
Chromosomal rearrangements
-
amplifications
-
deletions
-
Genetic disease in somatic cells
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
What are the two fundamental properties shared by cancer cells?
Respuesta
-
Abnormal cell growth and division: unregulated cell proliferation
-
Metastatic spread
-
Genetic disease in somatic cells
-
clonal origin
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
Genetic disease in somatic cells results from __________ or _________.
Respuesta
-
mutated gene products
-
abnormally expressed genes
-
benign tumor
-
malignant tumor
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
[blank_start]Benign[blank_end] tumor: Results from unregulated cell growth that forms a multicellular mass
removed by surgery, causing no serious harm
[blank_start]Malignant[blank_end] tumor: Results from metastasized cells invading other tissue and causing life-threatening problems.
Respuesta
-
Benign
-
Malignant
-
Malignant
-
Benign
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
__________: originated from a common ancestral cell that accumulated numerous specific mutations
Respuesta
-
clonal origin
-
phylogenetic origin
-
ancestral origin
-
familial origin
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
All cancer cells in primary and secondary tumors are clonal
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
Many scientists believe that MOST cells within tumors proliferate, which is why it is so dangerous.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
Tumor cells that do proliferate are [blank_start]rare[blank_end] population and give rise to cancer stem cells that [blank_start]have[blank_end] the capacity for self-renewal.
Respuesta
-
rare
-
common
-
have
-
do not have
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Undifferentiated cells with the capacity for self-renewal are known as __________.
Respuesta
-
stem cells
-
cancer cells
-
tumors
-
carcinogens
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
Cancer stem cell hypothesis predicts that...
Respuesta
-
every cell in a tumor has the potential to form a new tumor
-
most cells in a tumor do not have the potential to form a new tumor
-
cancer sucks
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
Age-related incidence of cancer indicates cancer develops from the [blank_start]accumulation of several mutagenic events[blank_end] in [blank_start]a single cell[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
accumulation of several mutagenic events
-
onset of a single mutagenic event
-
a single cell
-
several cells
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
Incidence with cancers rises exponentially with...
(pick the BEST answer)
Respuesta
-
age
-
weight
-
karma
-
height
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
Independent and random mutations are necessary for a cell to become malignant.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
Carcinogens are....
Respuesta
-
cancer-causing agents
-
cancer-preventing agents
-
human process catalysts
-
car engine catalysts
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
The delay between exposure to carcinogens and the appearance of cancer is an indication of [blank_start]the multistep process[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
the multistep process
-
the high energy threshold
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
_________ is the development of malignant tumor.
Respuesta
-
Tumorigenesis
-
Malignigenesis
-
Cancer
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
Tumorigenesis results in two or more genetic alternations which are...
Respuesta
-
progressively release cells from normal controls on cell proliferation
-
malignancy
-
benignity
-
progressively release cells from abnormal controls on cell proliferation
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
What does APC gene stand for?
[blank_start]Adenomatous[blank_end] [blank_start]polyposis[blank_end] [blank_start]coli[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
Adenomatous
-
Advantageous
-
Anagenesis
-
polyposis
-
polyploidous
-
poptosis
-
coli
-
cancer
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
What does the APC gene do?
Respuesta
-
tumor suppressor gene that encodes a protein involved in normal differentiation of intestinal cells
-
tumor activator gene that encodes protein involved in normal differentiation of intestinal cells
-
white blood cell activator gene that encodes proteins to detect and destroy bacteria
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
In colorectal cancers, adenoma and polyp formation requires ?
Respuesta
-
inactivating mutations in ADP gene
-
activating mutations in ADP gene
-
activating chromosomal rearrangements
-
reversing chromosomal rearrangements
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
A [blank_start]driver[blank_end] mutation gives growth advantage to tumor cells.
A [blank_start]passenger[blank_end] mutation has no direct contribution to cancer phenotype.
Respuesta
-
driver
-
passenger
-
passenger
-
driver
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
Cancer cells show higher than normal rates of...
Respuesta
-
mutations
-
chromosomal abnormalities
-
genomic instability
-
genomic stability
-
deletion genes
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
Genomic instability manifests in gross defects by...
Respuesta
-
translocation
-
Aneuploidy
-
chromosome loss
-
DNA amplification
-
Chromosomal deletion
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
Many cancers are characterized as reciprocal translocations
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
CML- Chronic myelogenous leukemia is a cancer due to [blank_start]translation[blank_end] of [blank_start]C-ABL[blank_end] gene on chromosome [blank_start]9[blank_end] into [blank_start]BCR[blank_end] gene on chromosome 22.
Respuesta
-
translation
-
translocation
-
amplification
-
C-ABL
-
BCR
-
ABL
-
C-BCR
-
9
-
22
-
10
-
23
-
BCR
-
C-BCR
-
C-ABL
-
ABL
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
The structure of CML is known as ___________ chromosome
Respuesta
-
Philadelphia
-
Illinois
-
Pennsylvania
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
What two inherited cancers are caused by defects in DNA repair genes?
Respuesta
-
Xeroderma pigmentosum (xp)
-
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
-
Lung cancer
-
Leukemia
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
[blank_start]Xeroderma pigmentosum[blank_end]: Defective nucleotide excision repair leading to skin cancer
[blank_start]Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal[blank_end] cancer: increased risk of colon, ovary, uterine and kidney cancers
-eights genes implicated; four involved in DNA mismatch repair; [blank_start]autosomal dominant[blank_end] syndrome
Respuesta
-
Xeroderma pigmentosum
-
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal
-
autosomal dominant
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
Epigenetic effects may be present in what type of cell?
Respuesta
-
somatic
-
germ-line
-
both
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