Pregunta 1
Pregunta
How do you describe an organ that is inflamed?
[blank_start]Tissue affected + 'itis'[blank_end] = inflammation of that tissue
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
Acute Inflammation
Respuesta
-
mediated by Interleukin-1 and other cytokines
-
Systemic response to severe injury or inflammation
-
To over come the cause of Inflammation (occurring after the other type of inflammation fails)
-
Walls off area with fibrous connective tissue
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
Chronic Inflammation
Respuesta
-
Walls off the area with fibrous connective tissue
-
Mediated by Interleukin-1 and other cytokines
-
Systemic response to severe injury or inflammation
-
To over come the cause of Inflammation (occurring after the other type of inflammation fails)
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
What are the five classical signs associated with Inflammation?
1. [blank_start]Heat[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Redness[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]Swelling[blank_end]
4. [blank_start]Pain[blank_end]
5. [blank_start]Loss of function[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
Heat
-
Redness
-
Swelling
-
Pain
-
Loss of function
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
Changes occurring during the vascular phase of acute inflammation
1. [blank_start]Vasodilation of arterioles[blank_end]
Capillary beds [blank_start]distend with blood[blank_end]
Signs associated: [blank_start]Heat[blank_end] and [blank_start]Redness[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Contraction of endothelial cells[blank_end]
Chemical mediators are released [blank_start]causing contraction of endothelial cells[blank_end]
Fluid flows through the [blank_start]gaps into the extracellular space[blank_end]
Signs associated: [blank_start]Swelling[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]Leakage of Fluid[blank_end]
Blood is more [blank_start]viscous[blank_end] - [blank_start]Slows[blank_end] the flow
Increase in [blank_start]RBC[blank_end] and [blank_start]WBC[blank_end] in the area
Respuesta
-
Vasodilation of arterioles
-
Contraction of endothelial cells
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Leakage of Fluid
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viscous
-
Heat
-
Redness
-
gaps into the extracellular space
-
Swelling
-
Slows
-
RBC
-
WBC
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causing contraction of endothelial cells
-
distend with blood
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
Functions of the vascular phase
1. [blank_start]Dilution of toxic substances[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Delivery of antibody[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]Provision on nutrients to WBC[blank_end]
4. [blank_start]Provides fibrinogen[blank_end]
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
Changes occurring during the cellular phase of inflammation
1. [blank_start]Margination[blank_end]
Slowing of blood during the vascular phase - leukocytes contact endothelial cells
2. [blank_start]Emigration[blank_end]
2a. [blank_start]Tethering[blank_end]
2b. [blank_start]Rolling[blank_end]
2c. [blank_start]Activation[blank_end] and [blank_start]firm adhesion[blank_end]
2d. [blank_start]Transmigration[blank_end]
2e. [blank_start]Chemotaxis[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
Margination
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Emigration
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Tethering
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Rolling
-
Activation
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firm adhesion
-
Transmigration
-
Chemotaxis
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
Functions of the cellular phase
1. [blank_start]Prevent spread of bacteria[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Destroy bacteria[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]Produce cytokines and chemokines[blank_end] to [blank_start]remove necrotic debris[blank_end]
4. [blank_start]liquefy clotted fibrin to aid in repair[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
Prevent spread of bacteria
-
Destroy bacteria
-
Produce cytokines and chemokines
-
remove necrotic debris
-
liquefy clotted fibrin to aid in repair
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
What are the Leukocytes associated with inflammation?
1. [blank_start]Mast cells[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Eosinophils[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]Lymphocytes[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
Lymphocytes
-
Eosinophils
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Mast cells
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
What are the four different inflammatory exudates?
1. [blank_start]Serous[blank_end] exudate
[blank_start]Watery fluid[blank_end], low in [blank_start]protein[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Fibrinous[blank_end] Inflammation
Fibrinogen --> [blank_start]clots[blank_end]
[blank_start]Neutrophils[blank_end] present
3. [blank_start]Catarrhal[blank_end] Inflammation
Mucus
Due to inflammation of [blank_start]mucous membranes[blank_end]
4. [blank_start]Suppurative[blank_end] or [blank_start]Purulent[blank_end] Inflammation
[blank_start]Pus[blank_end]
Lot of [blank_start]neutrophils[blank_end], [blank_start]necrotic debris[blank_end] and [blank_start]fluid[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
Serous
-
Watery fluid
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protein
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clots
-
Neutrophils
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Catarrhal
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mucous membranes
-
Suppurative
-
Purulent
-
Pus
-
neutrophils
-
fluid
-
necrotic debris
-
Fibrinous
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
What is the purpose of inflammatory mediators?
Be the [blank_start]messengers[blank_end] that [blank_start]stimulate[blank_end], [blank_start]amplify[blank_end] or [blank_start]inhibit[blank_end] inflammation
Respuesta
-
messengers
-
stimulate
-
amplify
-
inhibit
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
Demolition Phase
What: The [blank_start]breakdown and removal of necrotic tissue[blank_end] after the fluid and cellular phases
Processes occurring: [blank_start]Liquefaction[blank_end] and [blank_start]Phagocytosis[blank_end]
Processes function: To [blank_start]prepare for repair and regeneration[blank_end]
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
What are the outcomes of acute inflammation?
1. [blank_start]Complete resolution[blank_end]
If injury is [blank_start]short lived[blank_end] and there is [blank_start]little tissue destruction[blank_end]
Damage is [blank_start]repaired[blank_end] or [blank_start]regenerates[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Healing by connective tissue replacement[blank_end]
[blank_start]Scarring[blank_end] OR [blank_start]Fibrosis[blank_end] occurs when there is lots of tissue destruction or they cant regenerate
3. [blank_start]Progression to chronic inflammation[blank_end]
If the cause of [blank_start]acute inflammation is not resolved[blank_end] OR
Something [blank_start]interferes with normal healing[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
Complete resolution
-
Healing by connective tissue replacement
-
Progression to chronic inflammation
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short lived
-
little tissue destruction
-
repaired
-
regenerates
-
Scarring
-
Fibrosis
-
acute inflammation is not resolved
-
interferes with normal healing
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
Four phases of wound healing
1. [blank_start]Homeostasis[blank_end]
AIM: [blank_start]To prevent further bleeding[blank_end] [blank_start]by blood clotting[blank_end]
[blank_start]Vessel constriction[blank_end] --> [blank_start]Platelet plug[blank_end] --> [blank_start]Fibrin plug[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Acute Inflammation[blank_end]
[blank_start]Classical signs of inflammation[blank_end] present
[blank_start]Neutrophils and Macrophages[blank_end] remove [blank_start]debris from injury[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]Granulation tissue formation[blank_end] & [blank_start]replacement of epithelial tissue cells[blank_end]
AIM: [blank_start]Fill in gap of damaged tissue[blank_end]
[blank_start]macrophages[blank_end] produce [blank_start]growth factors[blank_end] --> [blank_start]proliferation[blank_end] of epi. cells and fibroblasts
Granulation tissue = [blank_start]fibrous connective tissue + capillaries[blank_end]
4. [blank_start]Wound maturation and Remodeling[blank_end]
Once inflammation finished & new tissue forms - [blank_start]granulation tissue is replaced by mature[blank_end] [blank_start]connective tissue[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
Homeostasis
-
Acute Inflammation
-
Granulation tissue formation
-
replacement of epithelial tissue cells
-
Wound maturation and Remodeling
-
To prevent further bleeding
-
by blood clotting
-
Vessel constriction
-
Platelet plug
-
Fibrin plug
-
Classical signs of inflammation
-
Neutrophils and Macrophages
-
debris from injury
-
Fill in gap of damaged tissue
-
fibrous connective tissue + capillaries
-
granulation tissue is replaced by mature
-
connective tissue
-
macrophages
-
growth factors
-
proliferation
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
Healing by First Intention
[blank_start]Minimal tissue damage[blank_end] + [blank_start]closely apposed wound edges[blank_end]
Occurs if:
Minimal [blank_start]tissue injury and necrosis[blank_end]
Minimal [blank_start]haemorrhage[blank_end]
[blank_start]No bacterial infection[blank_end]
[blank_start]Wound edges closely apposed[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
Minimal tissue damage
-
closely apposed wound edges
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tissue injury and necrosis
-
haemorrhage
-
No bacterial infection
-
Wound edges closely apposed
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
Healing by second intention
[blank_start]Larger amounts of tissue[blank_end] - [blank_start]traumatic[blank_end], [blank_start]un-sutured[blank_end], [blank_start]infected[blank_end]
Occurs when:
Greater [blank_start]amount of necrosis[blank_end]
[blank_start]Bacterial infection[blank_end]
Wound edges [blank_start]NOT close together[blank_end]
[blank_start]Large defect[blank_end] present
Respuesta
-
Larger amounts of tissue
-
traumatic
-
un-sutured
-
infected
-
amount of necrosis
-
Bacterial infection
-
NOT close together
-
Large defect
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
Process of wound contraction
Feature of [blank_start]2nd Intention[blank_end]
Wound margins [blank_start]grow towards each other[blank_end]
- [blank_start]Myofibroblasts at edges contract[blank_end] [blank_start]bringing edges together[blank_end]
- [blank_start]Makes smaller wound to fill with[blank_end] [blank_start]granulation tissue and epithelial cells[blank_end]
- Continues [blank_start]after re-epithelialisation[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
2nd Intention
-
grow towards each other
-
Myofibroblasts at edges contract
-
bringing edges together
-
Makes smaller wound to fill with
-
granulation tissue and epithelial cells
-
after re-epithelialisation
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
Factors affecting wound healing
1. [blank_start]Age[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Nutrition[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]Concurrent disease[blank_end]
4. [blank_start]Foreign materials[blank_end]
5. [blank_start]Infection[blank_end]
6. [blank_start]Blood Supply[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
Age
-
Nutrition
-
Infection
-
Blood Supply
-
Foreign materials
-
Concurrent disease
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
What are the events involved in fracture repair?
1. [blank_start]Formation of a haematoma[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Mesenchymal cell proliferation[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]Early callus[blank_end]
4. [blank_start]Advanced callus[blank_end]
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
What are the factors that affect fracture healing?
1. [blank_start]Inadequate blood supply[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Infection[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]Instability[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
Inadequate blood supply
-
Infection
-
Instability
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
Antigen:
substance that [blank_start]promotes production of antibodies[blank_end] or [blank_start]includes an immune response[blank_end]
Antibody:
[blank_start]Proteins manufactured[blank_end] in response to [blank_start]foreign material[blank_end] or [blank_start]antigenic stimulation[blank_end]
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
Hypersensitivity reactions P1
Type I = [blank_start]Immediate[blank_end] Hypersensitivity
Due to [blank_start]IgE antibodies[blank_end]
Occurs within [blank_start]minutes of repeat exposure[blank_end]
Reactions directed against [blank_start]antigens from enviro & parasites[blank_end]
activation of [blank_start]mast cells[blank_end], [blank_start]basophils[blank_end] & [blank_start]eosinophils[blank_end]
Mediators that cause: [blank_start]smooth muscle spasm[blank_end], [blank_start]oedema[blank_end] --> [blank_start]swelling[blank_end], [blank_start]excessive mucus secretion[blank_end]
E.g [blank_start]Allergic Rhinitis[blank_end] (Hay fever)
Respuesta
-
Immediate
-
IgE antibodies
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minutes of repeat exposure
-
seconds of repeat exposure
-
antigens from enviro & parasites
-
mast cells
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basophils
-
eosinophils
-
smooth muscle spasm
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oedema
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swelling
-
excessive mucus secretion
-
Allergic Rhinitis
-
Rhinitis Allergic
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
Hypersensitivity reactions P2
Type II = [blank_start]Antibody mediated[blank_end] hypersensitivity
Formation of [blank_start]antibodies directed against antigens[blank_end] of the [blank_start]surface of a cell or tissue[blank_end]
Leads to the [blank_start]cell being destroyed[blank_end]
E.g. [blank_start]Immune mediated haemolytic anaemia[blank_end]
Type III = [blank_start]Immune complex[blank_end] hypersensitiviity
Occurs due to [blank_start]formation of antigen-antibody complexes[blank_end] [blank_start]in bloodstream[blank_end]
These [blank_start]get stuck in capillaries[blank_end]
Neutrophils release [blank_start]toxic free radicals and enzymes[blank_end] into tissue - damage tissue
commonly occurs in the [blank_start]joints[blank_end], [blank_start]glomeruli[blank_end], [blank_start]eye[blank_end] and [blank_start]blood vessels[blank_end]
E.g. [blank_start]Lupus[blank_end] (SLE)
Respuesta
-
Antibody mediated
-
Immune complex
-
Immune mediated haemolytic anaemia
-
Lupus
-
antibodies directed against antigens
-
surface of a cell or tissue
-
cell being destroyed
-
formation of antigen-antibody complexes
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in bloodstream
-
get stuck in capillaries
-
toxic free radicals and enzymes
-
joints
-
glomeruli
-
eye
-
blood vessels
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
Immunological Test
Measures [blank_start]immunoglobulin[blank_end] - checks the [blank_start]passive transfer of antigens[blank_end] [blank_start]from colostrum[blank_end]
E.g. [blank_start]ELISA - SNAP Test[blank_end]
Serological Test
Based on the ability to detect reactions [blank_start]between antibody and antigen[blank_end] from the [blank_start]animal in a serum[blank_end]
E.g. S[blank_start]NAP tests - FIV/FeLV[blank_end]