Inflammation and Wound Healing - L6-7

Descripción

Pathology Test sobre Inflammation and Wound Healing - L6-7, creado por Hannah-Marie Rhodes el 12/02/2020.
Hannah-Marie Rhodes
Test por Hannah-Marie Rhodes, actualizado hace más de 1 año
Hannah-Marie Rhodes
Creado por Hannah-Marie Rhodes hace casi 5 años
25
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Resumen del Recurso

Pregunta 1

Pregunta
How do you describe an organ that is inflamed? [blank_start]Tissue affected + 'itis'[blank_end] = inflammation of that tissue
Respuesta
  • Tissue affected + 'itis'

Pregunta 2

Pregunta
Acute Inflammation
Respuesta
  • mediated by Interleukin-1 and other cytokines
  • Systemic response to severe injury or inflammation
  • To over come the cause of Inflammation (occurring after the other type of inflammation fails)
  • Walls off area with fibrous connective tissue

Pregunta 3

Pregunta
Chronic Inflammation
Respuesta
  • Walls off the area with fibrous connective tissue
  • Mediated by Interleukin-1 and other cytokines
  • Systemic response to severe injury or inflammation
  • To over come the cause of Inflammation (occurring after the other type of inflammation fails)

Pregunta 4

Pregunta
What are the five classical signs associated with Inflammation? 1. [blank_start]Heat[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Redness[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Swelling[blank_end] 4. [blank_start]Pain[blank_end] 5. [blank_start]Loss of function[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • Heat
  • Redness
  • Swelling
  • Pain
  • Loss of function

Pregunta 5

Pregunta
Changes occurring during the vascular phase of acute inflammation 1. [blank_start]Vasodilation of arterioles[blank_end] Capillary beds [blank_start]distend with blood[blank_end] Signs associated: [blank_start]Heat[blank_end] and [blank_start]Redness[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Contraction of endothelial cells[blank_end] Chemical mediators are released [blank_start]causing contraction of endothelial cells[blank_end] Fluid flows through the [blank_start]gaps into the extracellular space[blank_end] Signs associated: [blank_start]Swelling[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Leakage of Fluid[blank_end] Blood is more [blank_start]viscous[blank_end] - [blank_start]Slows[blank_end] the flow Increase in [blank_start]RBC[blank_end] and [blank_start]WBC[blank_end] in the area
Respuesta
  • Vasodilation of arterioles
  • Contraction of endothelial cells
  • Leakage of Fluid
  • viscous
  • Heat
  • Redness
  • gaps into the extracellular space
  • Swelling
  • Slows
  • RBC
  • WBC
  • causing contraction of endothelial cells
  • distend with blood

Pregunta 6

Pregunta
Functions of the vascular phase 1. [blank_start]Dilution of toxic substances[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Delivery of antibody[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Provision on nutrients to WBC[blank_end] 4. [blank_start]Provides fibrinogen[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • Dilution of toxic substances
  • Delivery of antibody
  • Provision on nutrients to WBC
  • Provides fibrinogen

Pregunta 7

Pregunta
Changes occurring during the cellular phase of inflammation 1. [blank_start]Margination[blank_end] Slowing of blood during the vascular phase - leukocytes contact endothelial cells 2. [blank_start]Emigration[blank_end] 2a. [blank_start]Tethering[blank_end] 2b. [blank_start]Rolling[blank_end] 2c. [blank_start]Activation[blank_end] and [blank_start]firm adhesion[blank_end] 2d. [blank_start]Transmigration[blank_end] 2e. [blank_start]Chemotaxis[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • Margination
  • Emigration
  • Tethering
  • Rolling
  • Activation
  • firm adhesion
  • Transmigration
  • Chemotaxis

Pregunta 8

Pregunta
Functions of the cellular phase 1. [blank_start]Prevent spread of bacteria[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Destroy bacteria[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Produce cytokines and chemokines[blank_end] to [blank_start]remove necrotic debris[blank_end] 4. [blank_start]liquefy clotted fibrin to aid in repair[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • Prevent spread of bacteria
  • Destroy bacteria
  • Produce cytokines and chemokines
  • remove necrotic debris
  • liquefy clotted fibrin to aid in repair

Pregunta 9

Pregunta
What are the Leukocytes associated with inflammation? 1. [blank_start]Mast cells[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Eosinophils[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Lymphocytes[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • Lymphocytes
  • Eosinophils
  • Mast cells

Pregunta 10

Pregunta
What are the four different inflammatory exudates? 1. [blank_start]Serous[blank_end] exudate [blank_start]Watery fluid[blank_end], low in [blank_start]protein[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Fibrinous[blank_end] Inflammation Fibrinogen --> [blank_start]clots[blank_end] [blank_start]Neutrophils[blank_end] present 3. [blank_start]Catarrhal[blank_end] Inflammation Mucus Due to inflammation of [blank_start]mucous membranes[blank_end] 4. [blank_start]Suppurative[blank_end] or [blank_start]Purulent[blank_end] Inflammation [blank_start]Pus[blank_end] Lot of [blank_start]neutrophils[blank_end], [blank_start]necrotic debris[blank_end] and [blank_start]fluid[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • Serous
  • Watery fluid
  • protein
  • clots
  • Neutrophils
  • Catarrhal
  • mucous membranes
  • Suppurative
  • Purulent
  • Pus
  • neutrophils
  • fluid
  • necrotic debris
  • Fibrinous

Pregunta 11

Pregunta
What is the purpose of inflammatory mediators? Be the [blank_start]messengers[blank_end] that [blank_start]stimulate[blank_end], [blank_start]amplify[blank_end] or [blank_start]inhibit[blank_end] inflammation
Respuesta
  • messengers
  • stimulate
  • amplify
  • inhibit

Pregunta 12

Pregunta
Demolition Phase What: The [blank_start]breakdown and removal of necrotic tissue[blank_end] after the fluid and cellular phases Processes occurring: [blank_start]Liquefaction[blank_end] and [blank_start]Phagocytosis[blank_end] Processes function: To [blank_start]prepare for repair and regeneration[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • breakdown and removal of necrotic tissue
  • Liquefaction
  • Phagocytosis
  • prepare for repair and regeneration

Pregunta 13

Pregunta
What are the outcomes of acute inflammation? 1. [blank_start]Complete resolution[blank_end] If injury is [blank_start]short lived[blank_end] and there is [blank_start]little tissue destruction[blank_end] Damage is [blank_start]repaired[blank_end] or [blank_start]regenerates[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Healing by connective tissue replacement[blank_end] [blank_start]Scarring[blank_end] OR [blank_start]Fibrosis[blank_end] occurs when there is lots of tissue destruction or they cant regenerate 3. [blank_start]Progression to chronic inflammation[blank_end] If the cause of [blank_start]acute inflammation is not resolved[blank_end] OR Something [blank_start]interferes with normal healing[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • Complete resolution
  • Healing by connective tissue replacement
  • Progression to chronic inflammation
  • short lived
  • little tissue destruction
  • repaired
  • regenerates
  • Scarring
  • Fibrosis
  • acute inflammation is not resolved
  • interferes with normal healing

Pregunta 14

Pregunta
Four phases of wound healing 1. [blank_start]Homeostasis[blank_end] AIM: [blank_start]To prevent further bleeding[blank_end] [blank_start]by blood clotting[blank_end] [blank_start]Vessel constriction[blank_end] --> [blank_start]Platelet plug[blank_end] --> [blank_start]Fibrin plug[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Acute Inflammation[blank_end] [blank_start]Classical signs of inflammation[blank_end] present [blank_start]Neutrophils and Macrophages[blank_end] remove [blank_start]debris from injury[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Granulation tissue formation[blank_end] & [blank_start]replacement of epithelial tissue cells[blank_end] AIM: [blank_start]Fill in gap of damaged tissue[blank_end] [blank_start]macrophages[blank_end] produce [blank_start]growth factors[blank_end] --> [blank_start]proliferation[blank_end] of epi. cells and fibroblasts Granulation tissue = [blank_start]fibrous connective tissue + capillaries[blank_end] 4. [blank_start]Wound maturation and Remodeling[blank_end] Once inflammation finished & new tissue forms - [blank_start]granulation tissue is replaced by mature[blank_end] [blank_start]connective tissue[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • Homeostasis
  • Acute Inflammation
  • Granulation tissue formation
  • replacement of epithelial tissue cells
  • Wound maturation and Remodeling
  • To prevent further bleeding
  • by blood clotting
  • Vessel constriction
  • Platelet plug
  • Fibrin plug
  • Classical signs of inflammation
  • Neutrophils and Macrophages
  • debris from injury
  • Fill in gap of damaged tissue
  • fibrous connective tissue + capillaries
  • granulation tissue is replaced by mature
  • connective tissue
  • macrophages
  • growth factors
  • proliferation

Pregunta 15

Pregunta
Healing by First Intention [blank_start]Minimal tissue damage[blank_end] + [blank_start]closely apposed wound edges[blank_end] Occurs if: Minimal [blank_start]tissue injury and necrosis[blank_end] Minimal [blank_start]haemorrhage[blank_end] [blank_start]No bacterial infection[blank_end] [blank_start]Wound edges closely apposed[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • Minimal tissue damage
  • closely apposed wound edges
  • tissue injury and necrosis
  • haemorrhage
  • No bacterial infection
  • Wound edges closely apposed

Pregunta 16

Pregunta
Healing by second intention [blank_start]Larger amounts of tissue[blank_end] - [blank_start]traumatic[blank_end], [blank_start]un-sutured[blank_end], [blank_start]infected[blank_end] Occurs when: Greater [blank_start]amount of necrosis[blank_end] [blank_start]Bacterial infection[blank_end] Wound edges [blank_start]NOT close together[blank_end] [blank_start]Large defect[blank_end] present
Respuesta
  • Larger amounts of tissue
  • traumatic
  • un-sutured
  • infected
  • amount of necrosis
  • Bacterial infection
  • NOT close together
  • Large defect

Pregunta 17

Pregunta
Process of wound contraction Feature of [blank_start]2nd Intention[blank_end] Wound margins [blank_start]grow towards each other[blank_end] - [blank_start]Myofibroblasts at edges contract[blank_end] [blank_start]bringing edges together[blank_end] - [blank_start]Makes smaller wound to fill with[blank_end] [blank_start]granulation tissue and epithelial cells[blank_end] - Continues [blank_start]after re-epithelialisation[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • 2nd Intention
  • grow towards each other
  • Myofibroblasts at edges contract
  • bringing edges together
  • Makes smaller wound to fill with
  • granulation tissue and epithelial cells
  • after re-epithelialisation

Pregunta 18

Pregunta
Factors affecting wound healing 1. [blank_start]Age[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Nutrition[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Concurrent disease[blank_end] 4. [blank_start]Foreign materials[blank_end] 5. [blank_start]Infection[blank_end] 6. [blank_start]Blood Supply[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • Age
  • Nutrition
  • Infection
  • Blood Supply
  • Foreign materials
  • Concurrent disease

Pregunta 19

Pregunta
What are the events involved in fracture repair? 1. [blank_start]Formation of a haematoma[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Mesenchymal cell proliferation[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Early callus[blank_end] 4. [blank_start]Advanced callus[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • Formation of a haematoma
  • Mesenchymal cell proliferation
  • Early callus
  • Advanced callus

Pregunta 20

Pregunta
What are the factors that affect fracture healing? 1. [blank_start]Inadequate blood supply[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Infection[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Instability[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • Inadequate blood supply
  • Infection
  • Instability

Pregunta 21

Pregunta
Antigen: substance that [blank_start]promotes production of antibodies[blank_end] or [blank_start]includes an immune response[blank_end] Antibody: [blank_start]Proteins manufactured[blank_end] in response to [blank_start]foreign material[blank_end] or [blank_start]antigenic stimulation[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • promotes production of antibodies
  • includes an immune response
  • Proteins manufactured
  • foreign material
  • antigenic stimulation

Pregunta 22

Pregunta
Hypersensitivity reactions P1 Type I = [blank_start]Immediate[blank_end] Hypersensitivity Due to [blank_start]IgE antibodies[blank_end] Occurs within [blank_start]minutes of repeat exposure[blank_end] Reactions directed against [blank_start]antigens from enviro & parasites[blank_end] activation of [blank_start]mast cells[blank_end], [blank_start]basophils[blank_end] & [blank_start]eosinophils[blank_end] Mediators that cause: [blank_start]smooth muscle spasm[blank_end], [blank_start]oedema[blank_end] --> [blank_start]swelling[blank_end], [blank_start]excessive mucus secretion[blank_end] E.g [blank_start]Allergic Rhinitis[blank_end] (Hay fever)
Respuesta
  • Immediate
  • IgE antibodies
  • minutes of repeat exposure
  • seconds of repeat exposure
  • antigens from enviro & parasites
  • mast cells
  • basophils
  • eosinophils
  • smooth muscle spasm
  • oedema
  • swelling
  • excessive mucus secretion
  • Allergic Rhinitis
  • Rhinitis Allergic

Pregunta 23

Pregunta
Hypersensitivity reactions P2 Type II = [blank_start]Antibody mediated[blank_end] hypersensitivity Formation of [blank_start]antibodies directed against antigens[blank_end] of the [blank_start]surface of a cell or tissue[blank_end] Leads to the [blank_start]cell being destroyed[blank_end] E.g. [blank_start]Immune mediated haemolytic anaemia[blank_end] Type III = [blank_start]Immune complex[blank_end] hypersensitiviity Occurs due to [blank_start]formation of antigen-antibody complexes[blank_end] [blank_start]in bloodstream[blank_end] These [blank_start]get stuck in capillaries[blank_end] Neutrophils release [blank_start]toxic free radicals and enzymes[blank_end] into tissue - damage tissue commonly occurs in the [blank_start]joints[blank_end], [blank_start]glomeruli[blank_end], [blank_start]eye[blank_end] and [blank_start]blood vessels[blank_end] E.g. [blank_start]Lupus[blank_end] (SLE)
Respuesta
  • Antibody mediated
  • Immune complex
  • Immune mediated haemolytic anaemia
  • Lupus
  • antibodies directed against antigens
  • surface of a cell or tissue
  • cell being destroyed
  • formation of antigen-antibody complexes
  • in bloodstream
  • get stuck in capillaries
  • toxic free radicals and enzymes
  • joints
  • glomeruli
  • eye
  • blood vessels

Pregunta 24

Pregunta
Immunological Test Measures [blank_start]immunoglobulin[blank_end] - checks the [blank_start]passive transfer of antigens[blank_end] [blank_start]from colostrum[blank_end] E.g. [blank_start]ELISA - SNAP Test[blank_end] Serological Test Based on the ability to detect reactions [blank_start]between antibody and antigen[blank_end] from the [blank_start]animal in a serum[blank_end] E.g. S[blank_start]NAP tests - FIV/FeLV[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • NAP tests - FIV/FeLV
  • ELISA - SNAP Test
  • immunoglobulin
  • passive transfer of antigens
  • from colostrum
  • between antibody and antigen
  • animal in a serum
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