Pregunta 1
Pregunta
What marks the beginning of the tracheobronchial tree?
Respuesta
-
The trachea
-
The carina
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The bronchi
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The larynx
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
Where does the trachea arise?
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
At what level does the trachea bifurcate into the right and left main bronchi?
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
In what relation is the trachea compared to the oesophagus?
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
The trachea is held open by cartilage. What shape does this cartilage take?
Respuesta
-
C-shaped rings
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Circular rings
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Biconcave rings
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U-shaped rings
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
What supports the free ends of the rings of cartilage that support the trachea?
Respuesta
-
Trachealis muscle
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Collagen
-
The vertebrae
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Adipose tissue
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
What type of epithelium will you find in the trachea and bronchi?
Respuesta
-
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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Ciliated stratified squamous epithelium
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Ciliated simple columnar epithelium
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Stratified squamous epithelium
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
The trachea and bronchi's epithelia are interspersed with goblet cells. What is the function of these goblet cells?
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
What name is given to the combined system which traps inhaled particles and pathogens and moves them up out of the airways to be swallowed and destroyed?
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
What name is given to the ridge of cartilage at the bifurcation of the trachea which runs anteroposteriorly between the openings of the two bronchi?
Respuesta
-
Carina
-
Larynx
-
Pharynx
-
Cricothyroid cartilage
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
The carina is the most sensitive area of the trachea for triggering the cough reflex.
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
What provides the trachea with sensory innervation?
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
The trachea is vascularised by the tracheal branches of the...
Respuesta
-
Inferior thyroid artery
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Brachiocephalic trunk
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Coronary arteries
-
Pulmonary arteries
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
Which of the following provide the venous drainage of the trachea?
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
Which main bronchus is wider, shorter, and descends more vertically than its counterpart?
Respuesta
-
Right main bronchus
-
Left main bronchus
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
In which main bronchus is there a higher incidence of foreign body inhalation?
Respuesta
-
Right main bronchus
-
Left main bronchus
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
The right superior lobar bronchus arises before the right main bronchus enters the hilum of the right lung.
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
Where does the left main bronchus pass in relation to the arch of the aorta?
Respuesta
-
Inferiorly
-
Superiorly
-
Anteriorly
-
Posteriorly
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
Where does the left main bronchus pass in relation to the thoracic aorta and oesophagus?
Respuesta
-
Anteriorly
-
Posteriorly
-
Inferiorly
-
Superiorly
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
In the lungs, both main/primary bronchi divide into lobar/secondary bronchi, each supplying a lobe. How many lobar bronchi does the right lung have?
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
In the lungs, both main/primary bronchi divide into lobar/secondary bronchi, each supplying a lobe. How many lobar bronchi does the left lung have?
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
The lobar/secondary bronchi then bifurcate into several segmental/tertiary bronchi. What do these supply?
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
Which is true of the cartilage of the MAIN bronchi?
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
Which is true of the cartilage of the lobar and segmental bronchi?
Respuesta
-
Crescent-shaped
-
C-shaped
-
Complete rings
-
No cartilage
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
Which of the following innervate the bronchi?
Respuesta
-
Pulmonary branches of the vagus nerve (CNX)
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Accessory nerve (CNXI)
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Recurrent laryngeal nerve
-
Greater thoracic splanchnic nerves (T5-T9)
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
The bronchi are supplied by the bronchial arteries and drained by the bronchial veins.
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
Where do the bronchial arteries arise from?
Respuesta
-
Thoracic aorta
-
Renal arteries
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Coeliac trunk
-
Common hepatic artery
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
The bronchial veins drain into the accessory hemiazygos vein, the azygos vein and the superior vena cava.
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
Drag and drop the correct answers to describe how the bronchi divide to serve the lungs.
Respuesta
-
Right upper lobe
-
Right middle lobe
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Right lower lobe
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Superior division
-
Lingular division
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Left upper lobe
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Left lower lobe
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Bronchi of the right upper lobe
-
Bronchi of the right middle lobe
-
Bronchi of the right lower lobe
-
Bronchi of the left upper lobe
-
Bronchi of the left lower lobe
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the tracheobronchial tree.
Respuesta
-
Main/primary bronchi
-
Segmental/tertiary
-
Subsegmental/quaternary bronchi
-
Lobar/secondary bronchi
-
Larynx
-
Trachea
-
Right main bronchus
-
Left main bronchus
-
Right superior lobar bronchus
-
Intermediate bronchus
-
Right middle lobar bronchus
-
Right inferior lobar bronchus
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Segmental bronchi
-
Subsegmental bronchi
-
Left superior lobar bronchi
-
Lingular bronchus
-
Inferior lobar bronchus
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
What is the lingula?
Respuesta
-
A homologue of the middle lobe in the left lung
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The notch in the left lung caused by the apex of the heart
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The ring of cartilage transversing the bronchi at the bifurcation of the trachea
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The point at which the larynx becomes the trachea
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
The bronchioles are the smallest airways of the tracheobronchial tree. Which of the following do they NOT contain?
Respuesta
-
Club cells
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Cartilage
-
Goblet cells
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Cilia
-
Smooth muscle
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
What do the club cells of the bronchioles secrete?
Respuesta
-
Surfactant
-
Mucous
-
Histamine
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Nitric oxide
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
Which bronchioles are the initial bronchioles which transport air but lack glands and are not involved in gas exchange?
Respuesta
-
Conducting bronchioles
-
Terminal bronchioles
-
Respiratory bronchioles
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
Conducting bronchioles branch into...
Respuesta
-
Terminal bronchioles
-
Respiratory bronchioles
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
Which bronchioles end in alveoli?
Respuesta
-
Respiratory bronchioles
-
Terminal bronchioles
-
Conducting bronchioles
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
What type of epithelium will you find in the alveoli?
Respuesta
-
Simple squamous epithelium
-
Simple columnar epithelium
-
Stratified squamous epithelium
-
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the passage of air in the tracheobronchial tree.
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
What are the pleurae?
Respuesta
-
Serous membranes lining the lungs and thoracic cavity
-
Serous membranes covering the heart
-
The borders of the lungs
-
The terminal bronchioles of the lungs
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
The serous membranes consist of what?
Respuesta
-
Simple squamous cells (mesothelium) supported by connective tissue
-
Simple squamous cells (mesothelium)
-
Fibrous connective tissue
-
Adipose connective tissue
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
Which pleural membrane covers the lungs?
Respuesta
-
Visceral pleura
-
Parietal pleura
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
Which pleural membrane lines the internal surface of the thoracic cavity?
Respuesta
-
Parietal pleura
-
Visceral pleura
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
What is the pleural cavity?
Respuesta
-
The potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura
-
The space between the parietal pleura and thoracic wall
-
The space between the visceral pleura and lungs
-
The space between the visceral pleura and heart
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
Which layer of the pleurae is thicker?
Respuesta
-
Parietal pleura
-
Visceral pleura
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
The visceral pleura does not extend into the interlobar fissures.
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
Where is the visceral pleura continuous with the parietal pleura?
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
The pleural cavity contains a small volume of serous fluid. This helps lubricate the surfaces of the pleurae as well as...
Respuesta
-
Provide surface tension to ensure the lungs expand when the thorax expands
-
Antimicrobial function
-
Provides a root for neurovasculature
-
Provides a root for the bronchioles
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the regions of the parietal pleura.
Respuesta
-
Cervical
-
Costal
-
Mediastinal
-
Diaphragmatic
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
Drag and drop the correct labels to describe this cross section through the thoracic cavity, paying attention to the pleurae.
Respuesta
-
Vertebra
-
Right lung
-
Parietal pleura
-
Visceral pleura
-
Pleural cavity
-
Pericardial membranes
-
Sternum
-
Anterior mediastinum
-
Heart
-
Pulmonary trunk
-
Thoracic wall
-
Left lung
-
Left pulmonary vein
-
Left pulmonary artery
-
Left main bronchus
-
Root of lung at hilum
-
Oesophagus
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
What are the pleural recesses?
Respuesta
-
Where opposing surfaces of the parietal pleura touch
-
Where there is no fluid in the pleural membranes
-
Where there is no visceral pleura covering the lungs
-
Where the visceral pleura becomes continuous with parietal pleura
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
Why are the pleural recesses of clinical importance?
Respuesta
-
Provide a location where fluid can collect
-
Provide a location where irritation of the lungs occurs
-
Provide a location where the thoracic wall is vulnerable
-
Provide a location where pulmonary embolisms are likely
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
Drag and drop the correct labels to describe the pleural recesses.
Pregunta 53
Pregunta
Which pleural membrane is sensitive to pressure, pain and temperature?
Respuesta
-
Parietal pleura
-
Visceral pleura
Pregunta 54
Pregunta
Which pleural membrane is not sensitive to pain temperature or touch - it is only sensitive to stretch?
Respuesta
-
Parietal pleura
-
Visceral pleura
Pregunta 55
Pregunta
Which parts of the parietal pleura are innervated by the segmental intercostal nerves, meaning pain here is highly localised?
Respuesta
-
Costal
-
Cervical
-
Diaphragmatic
-
Mediastinal
Pregunta 56
Pregunta
Which parts of the parietal pleura are innervated by the phrenic nerve (C3-C5), meaning pain there is referred to the shoulders?
Respuesta
-
Diaphragmatic
-
Mediastinal
-
Costal
-
Cervical
Pregunta 57
Pregunta
Which pleural membrane is supplied by the pulmonary plexus - a network of fibres from the sympathetic trunk and vagus nerve?
Respuesta
-
Visceral pleura
-
Parietal pleura
Pregunta 58
Pregunta
Which pleural membrane is supplied by the intercostal arteries?
Respuesta
-
Parietal pleura
-
Visceral pleura
Pregunta 59
Pregunta
Which pleural membrane is supplied by the bronchial arteries?
Respuesta
-
Parietal pleura
-
Visceral pleura