Question 1
Question
Which curvatures of the spine are lordotic?
Answer
-
Cervical
-
Thoracic
-
Lumbar
-
Sacral/coccygeal
Question 2
Question
Which curvatures of the spine are kyphotic?
Answer
-
Cervical
-
Thoracic
-
Lumbar
-
Sacral/coccygeal
Question 3
Question
Why is the vertebral column particularly flexible?
Answer
-
Only small displacements of multiple linkages necessary for overall motion
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Only a few highly mobile articulations
-
No ligaments joining adjacent vertebrae - only intervertebral discs
-
No muscles attach to the vertebral column
Question 4
Question
Which are the primary curves of the spine that are retained from the original foetal curvature?
Answer
-
Thoracic
-
Sacrococcygeal
-
Lumbar
-
Cervical
Question 5
Question
Which secondary curve of the spine develops as the child begins to hold its head up?
Answer
-
Cervical
-
Thoracic
-
Lumbar
-
Sacrococcygeal
Question 6
Question
Which secondary curve of the spine develops as a child begins to walk?
Answer
-
Cervical
-
Thoracic
-
Lumbar
-
Sacral
Question 7
Question
Fill in the blanks to label the structure of this thoracic vertebra.
Answer
-
Spinous process
-
Body
-
Vertebral foramen
-
Pedicle
-
Lamina
-
Transverse process
-
Transverse costal facet
-
Superior articular facet
-
Superior costal facet
-
Superior costal facet
-
Superior costal notch
-
Inferior vertebral notch
-
Inferior costal facet
-
Inferior articular facet
-
Transverse costal facet
-
Superior articular facet
-
Pedicle
-
Spinous process
Question 8
Question
What are the intervertebral foramina?
Answer
-
Foramina between adjacent vertebrae that form between superior and inferior vertebral notches
-
The cavities formed by the vertebral arch extending from the body of the vertebrae
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Foramina in the cervical vertebrae that allow the passage of the vertebral artery up to the brain
-
Foramina in the sacrum that allow the passage of the sacral spinal nerves out of the vertebral column
Question 9
Question
Match the correct components of the vertebrae to their functions.
The [blank_start]body[blank_end] supports the whole body's weight.
The [blank_start]vertebral arch[blank_end] is formed by the [blank_start]laminae[blank_end] which protect the contents of the vertebral column and transmit force from the articular processes to the body of the vertebra. It is also formed by the [blank_start]pedicles[blank_end] which channel forces exerted on the posterior elements to the body to resist bending.
The [blank_start]vertebral foramen[blank_end] contains the spinal cord.
The [blank_start]superior/inferior vertebral nothces[blank_end] form intervertebral foramina between adjacent vertebrae to allow the exit of spinal nerves from the spinal cord.
The [blank_start]transverse processes[blank_end] and [blank_start]spinous processes[blank_end] allow sites for muscular attachment.
The [blank_start]facets[blank_end] are sites for the formation of synovial plane joints.
Question 10
Question
The internal structure of the vertebral body is trabeculated.
Question 11
Question
Other than the bone structure itself, what is another feature of the vertebral body that helps it support weight?
Answer
-
Filled with blood which absorbs load
-
Filled with collagen which resists deformation
-
Hollow which allows transmission of forces from trabeculae to compact bone
-
Filled with fat which absorbs load
Question 12
Question
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
Question 13
Question
How do we describe the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae?
Answer
-
Bifid (Y shaped)
-
Triradiate (Y shaped)
-
Dens
-
Vertebral prominens
Question 14
Question
Which cervical vertebrae is palpable from the skin?
Question 15
Question
Where are the extra foramina found on the cervical vertebrae?
Answer
-
Transverse processes
-
Spinous process
-
Pedicles
-
Laminae
Question 16
Question
What passes through the transverse foramina in the cervical spine?
Answer
-
Vertebral artery
-
Spinal cord
-
Symapthetic chain
-
Vertebral vein
Question 17
Question
What is the first cervical vertebra also referred to as?
Answer
-
The atlas
-
The axis
-
Vertebral prominens
-
Dens
Question 18
Question
The atlas (C1) has no body or spinous process.
Question 19
Question
Which cervical vertebrae has the longest and most laterally extended transverse processes of the C spine?
Question 20
Question
Why are the superior articular processes deeply curved on the C1 vertebra (the atlas)?
Answer
-
Articulation with occipotal condyles on base of skull
-
Articulation with T1 vertebrae
-
Articulation with mastoid process on skull
-
To allow the formation of a synovial joint
Question 21
Question
What is the axis?
Answer
-
The second cervical vertebra
-
The first cervical vertebra
-
The transverse process of the second cervical vertebra
-
The spinous process of the second cervical vertebra
Question 22
Question
What is the odontoid process/dens?
Answer
-
Projection extending upwards from C2 body
-
Projection extending downwards from C2 body
-
The ligament holding the axis in articulation with the atlas
-
The spinous process of the C2 vertebra
Question 23
Question
Label this diagram of a typical cervical vertebra, i.e. C3-C6.
Question 24
Question
Label this diagram of the cervical spine.
Answer
-
Dens
-
Transverse ligament
-
Axis
-
Atlas
-
C3
-
Spinous process
-
Vertebral prominens
-
Transverse process
Question 25
Question
Label this diagram of C1, the atlas.
Answer
-
Dens
-
Transverse ligament
-
Transverse foramen
-
Transverse process
-
Anterior arch
-
Posterior arch
Question 26
Question
Label this diagram of C2, the axis.
Answer
-
Dens
-
Transverse process
-
Transverse foramen
-
Lamina
-
Superior articular facet
-
Spinous process
Question 27
Question
This diagram shows the upper portion of the cervical spine. Label it to show how the force of the skull, shown by the black arrows, is transmitted through the C spine.
Answer
-
Occipotal condyle
-
Atlas
-
Axis
-
Body of C3
-
Body of C4
Question 28
Question
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
Question 29
Question
What limits flexion of the thoracic spine?
Answer
-
Long spinous process with pronounced downward angle that overlaps next inferior vertebrae
-
Short bifid spinous process that interlocks with next inferior vertebrae
-
Highly collagenous intervertebral discs
-
No intervertebral discs
Question 30
Question
In which direction do the superior articular processes of the thoracic vertebrae face?
Question 31
Question
In which direction do the inferior articular processes of the thoracic vertebrae face?
Question 32
Question
Which feature of the thoracic vertebrae tells you that this is what you are examining?
Answer
-
Transverse costal facets on the transverse processes
-
Costal facets on the lateral sides of the body
-
Bifid spinous process
-
Smallest body of all the vertebrae
Question 33
Question
Which facets of the thoracic vertebrae articulate with the tubercles of the ribs?
Answer
-
Transverse costal facets
-
Superior costal facet
-
Inferior costal facet
Question 34
Question
Where do the costal articular facets move to the middle of the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae?
Answer
-
T11 onwards
-
T8 onwards
-
At T12 only
-
T10 onwards
Question 35
Question
Fill in the blanks to label this image of a thoracic vertebra.
Answer
-
Body
-
Vertebral foramen
-
Superior vertebral notch
-
Superior costal facet
-
Superior articular facet
-
Transverse costal facet
-
Lamina
-
Spinous process
-
Pedicle
-
Body
-
Superior costal facet
-
Inferior costal facet
-
Inferior vertebral notch
-
Superior articular facet
-
Pedicle
-
Spinous process
-
Transverse costal facet
-
Transverse process
Question 36
Question
Label this image of the thoracic spine, including where the thoracic vertebrae articulate with the ribs.
Question 37
Question
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
Question 38
Question
Which of the vertebrae have the largest relative size and thickness of their bodies?
Answer
-
Cervical
-
Lumbar
-
Thoracic
-
Sacrococcygeal
Question 39
Question
What is a trend down the lumbar spine?
Answer
-
Vertebral foramina become more triangular
-
Vertebral foramina become more circular
-
Vertebral bodies become smaller
-
Vertebral bodies become more circular
Question 40
Question
What direction does the superior articular process of the lumbar vertebrae face?
Question 41
Question
What direction does the inferior articular process face in the lumbar vertebrae?
Question 42
Question
The lumbar vertebrae have no additional foramina or articular processes.
Question 43
Question
Label these images of the lumbar vertebrae.
Question 44
Question
The sacral vertebrae fuse in utero.
Question 45
Question
Fill in the blanks below to describe the origins of the sacral crests.
The median sacral crest is a remnant of the fused [blank_start]spinous processes[blank_end] of the sacral vertebrae.
The lateral sacral crest is a remnant of the fused [blank_start]transverse processes[blank_end] of the sacral vertebrae.
Answer
-
spinous processes
-
transverse processes
Question 46
Question
Label this image to show the sacral crests.
Question 47
Question
What is the coccyx?
Answer
-
A fusion of 4 tiny coccygeal vertebrae
-
4 tiny coccygeal vertebrae joined by intervertebral disc
-
A single triangular bone articulated to the apex of the sacrum
-
A single triangular bone fused to the apex of the sacrum
Question 48
Question
Label this diagram of the sacrum.
Question 49
Question
The coccyx is weight-bearing.
Question 50
Question
Where does the sacral canal terminate?