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Cerebellum

Descripción

Based of PUM physiology presentations and own notes
Soheila Amri
Test por Soheila Amri, actualizado hace más de 1 año
Soheila Amri
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Resumen del Recurso

Pregunta 1

Pregunta
Functions of cerebellum; choose WRONG
Respuesta
  • Coordination of voluntary motor movement and planning of movements
  • Muscle tone and Cognitive abilities.
  • Motor activities, balance and equilibrium,
  • Interpreting touch, vision and hearing
  • Learning and remembering of physical skills,

Pregunta 2

Pregunta
Cerebellum;
Respuesta
  • Is located anterior to brainstem
  • Is located superior to cerebrum
  • Is located dorsally/posterior to the brainstem
  • Is located inferior to cerebrum

Pregunta 3

Pregunta
Cerebellum;
Respuesta
  • The cerebellum can initiate movements
  • Although it represents only about 10% of the CNS by volume, it contains roughly 50% of all CNS neurons
  • The exceedingly large number of input connections to the cerebellum conveys visual and auditory input.
  • Its folded surface equals to 10% of folded surface of cerebral cortex hemispheres.

Pregunta 4

Pregunta
Function of cerebellum;
Respuesta
  • The cerebellum controls movement by collecting neural afference from limbs, balance information and vision
  • It controls proper range, strength and fluent performance
  • It does not initiate movements itself nor does it take part in their planning and control
  • Movement is elicited from PNS

Pregunta 5

Pregunta
Functions of cerebellum;
Respuesta
  • The learning of physical tasks is performed then stored in cerebellar memory without correction
  • All motor functions can be lost with age
  • Cerebellum is responsible for maintenance of the body balance and upright posture
  • It establishes proper distribution of the tone to antagonistic muscle in relation to gravity and inertia.

Pregunta 6

Pregunta
Anatomy of cerebellum; What DOES NOT belong?
Respuesta
  • Cerebellar hemispheres
  • Corpus callosum
  • Vermis
  • Flocculo-nodular lobe
  • Cerebellar peduncles

Pregunta 7

Pregunta
Cerebellar peduncles;
Respuesta
  • middle (linkages to pons);
  • superior (linkages to midbrain, thalamus and cerebral cortex);
  • middle (linkages to midbrain, thalamus and cerebral cortex);
  • inferior (indirect linkages to spinal cord through olives).
  • inferior (linkages to pons);

Pregunta 8

Pregunta
Inferior cerebellar peduncles;
Respuesta
  • Afferents originating in pontine nuclei
  • Afferents originating in reticular formation (reticulocerebellar tract and olivocerebellar tract)
  • Afferents originating in spinal cord (dorsal spinocerebellar tract)
  • Afferents from brain stem nuclei to the cerebellar cortex
  • Bilateral linkages between cerebellum and complex of vestibular nuclei are from cerebellovestibular and vestibulocerebellar tract.

Pregunta 9

Pregunta
Middle cerebellar peduncles
Respuesta
  • Afferents from brain stem nuclei to the cerebellar cortex.
  • Afferents originating in spinal cord (dorsal spinocerebellar tract)
  • Afferents from pontine nuclei with numerous linkages with cerebral cortex
  • It transmitting impulses between cerebral and cerebellar cortex.

Pregunta 10

Pregunta
Superior cerebellar peduncles;
Respuesta
  • Afferents from brain stem nuclei to the cerebellar cortex.
  • Fibers of ventral spinocerebellar tract transmitting information from peripheral receptors through spinal cord to cerebellar cortex.
  • Bilateral linkages between cerebellum and complex of vestibular nuclei – cerebellovestibular and vestibulocerebellar tract
  • Afferents from pontine nuclei with numerous linkages with cerebral cortex
  • Efferents from cerebellar nuclei (dentate, emboliform, globose and fastigial nuclei) to nucleus ruber and to thalamus and reticular formation.

Pregunta 11

Pregunta
Cerebellum – phylogenetic division;
Respuesta
  • Neocerebellum – spinocerebellum (vermis, intermediated area)
  • Paleocerebellum – spinocerebellum (vermis, intermediated area)
  • Neocerebellum – corticocerebellum (cerebellar hemispheres)
  • Archicerebellum – vestibulocerebellum (flocculonodular lobe)

Pregunta 12

Pregunta
Functional division of cerebellum
Respuesta
  • Neocerebellum
  • Archicerebellum
  • Vestibulocerebellum
  • Spinocerebellum

Pregunta 13

Pregunta
Functional division of cerebellum;
Respuesta
  • Vestibulocerebellum - Maintenance of balance and control of eye movement
  • Spinocerebellum - Regulation muscle tone, coordination of skilled voluntary movement
  • Neocerebellum - Planning and initiation of voluntary activity, storage of procedural movement
  • Vestibulocerebellum - Regulation muscle tone, coordination of skilled voluntary movement

Pregunta 14

Pregunta
The Archicerebellum (vestibulocerebellum);
Respuesta
  • Made up of the uvula, pyramid and anterior lobe
  • Located in the flocculonodular lobe, a long cylindrical lobe arching over the 4th ventricle
  • It helps with the regulation of muscle tone.
  • Its major function are maintenance of posture and vestibular reflexes.
  • It helps maintain the body’s balance.

Pregunta 15

Pregunta
The Archicerebellum (vestibulocerebellum);
Respuesta
  • The vestibulocerebellum is related to the vestibular system, with sensors located in the inner ear and whose way stations are located in the pons and medulla.
  • The archicerebellum is associated with the lateral vestibular nucleus in the brainstem
  • It receives its strong input from spinal cord afferents (from proximal and distal body parts – spinocerebellar tracts).
  • It receives its major inputs from vestibular receptors. The major output of this system is to the vestibulospinal tract.
  • Covers the lateral parts of the cerebellar hemispheres.

Pregunta 16

Pregunta
Damage to the archicerebellum leads to:
Respuesta
  • Ataxic gait and wide-based standing position,
  • Intention tremor
  • Scanning speech
  • Nystagmus
  • Dysdiadochokinesia (adiadochokinesia)

Pregunta 17

Pregunta
The Paleocerebellum (spinocerebellum);
Respuesta
  • Made up of the uvula, pyramid and anterior lobe
  • The Paleocerebellum is associated with the lateral vestibular nucleus in the brainstem.
  • Its major function is the control of axial and distal musculature and regulation of muscle tone
  • Its major function are maintenance of posture

Pregunta 18

Pregunta
The Paleocerebellum (spinocerebellum);
Respuesta
  • Covers the lateral parts of the cerebellar hemispheres.
  • It receives its major inputs from vestibular receptors.
  • The major outputs of this system are to the vestibulospinal, reticulospinal and rubrospinal tracts
  • It receives its strong input from spinal cord afferents (from proximal and distal body parts –spinocerebellar tracts).

Pregunta 19

Pregunta
The Paleocerebellum (spinocerebellum);
Respuesta
  • Located in the flocculonodular lobe, a long cylindrical lobe arching over the 4th ventricle
  • The major outputs of this system are to the to the motor cortex via the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus to the motor cortex
  • The paleocerebellum is associated with the fastigial, globose and emboliform deep cerebellar nuclei.
  • Associated with the dentate nucleus of deep cerebellar nuclei

Pregunta 20

Pregunta
Damage to the paleocerebellum leads to:
Respuesta
  • Hypotonia
  • Decomposition of movement
  • Improper activity of gamma motor neurons.
  • Delay in the initiation and termination of movements

Pregunta 21

Pregunta
The Neocerebellum (cerebrocerebellum);
Respuesta
  • The major outputs of this system are to the vestibulospinal
  • Covers the lateral parts of the cerebellar hemispheres.
  • Its functions include initiation, coordination and timing of fine, voluntary movements
  • Made up of the uvula, pyramid and anterior lobe

Pregunta 22

Pregunta
The Neocerebellum (cerebrocerebellum);
Respuesta
  • The major outputs of this system are to the motor cortex and premotor cortex through the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus.
  • Associated with the dentate nucleus of deep cerebellar nuclei
  • The Neocerebellum is associated with the fastigial, globose and emboliform deep cerebellar nuclei.
  • Located in the flocculonodular lobe, a long cylindrical lobe arching over the 4th ventricle

Pregunta 23

Pregunta
Damage to the neocerebellum leads to:
Respuesta
  • Dysdiadochokinesia (adiadochokinesia) and scanning speech
  • Improper activity of gamma motor neurons
  • Intention tremor and decomposition of movement
  • Delay in the initiation and termination of movements
  • Ataxic gait and wide-based standing position

Pregunta 24

Pregunta
The Neocerebellum (cerebrocerebellum);
Respuesta
  • The neocerebellum, the largest part of the human cerebellum
  • Receives a massive number of projections from sensorimotor portions of the cerebral cortex via neurons in the pons.
  • It coordinates motor behavior
  • It receives its strong input from spinal cord afferents (from proximal and distal body parts –spinocerebellar tracts).

Pregunta 25

Pregunta
Role of cerebellum in motor control;
Respuesta
  • It controls its rate, range, force, direction. As well as improving motor skills
  • It helps in general sensation.
  • It compares sensory (proproceptive) feedback with neural signals from motor cortex – motor act.
  • It helps in the auditory process.
  • It regulates movement, posture and vestibuloocular reflex

Pregunta 26

Pregunta
Cerebellum;
Respuesta
  • Has 3 layers of cells; Molecular, Purkinje & Granular
  • Has 2 types of fibers - climbing and mossy fibers
  • Has 1 type of fibers - climbing fibers
  • Has 2 layers of cells; Molecular, Purkinje

Pregunta 27

Pregunta
Afferents to cerebellar cortex;
Respuesta
  • Anterior and posterior spino-cerebellar pathways finish with climbing fibers on granular cells of cerebellar cortex
  • Mossy fibers of spino-olivo-cerebellar project large piriform (Purkinje) cells of the cerebellar cortex
  • Climbing fibers of spino-olivo-cerebellar project large piriform (Purkinje) cells of the cerebellar cortex
  • Anterior and posterior spino-cerebellar pathways finish with mossy fibers on granular cells of cerebellar cortex

Pregunta 28

Pregunta
Afferents to cerebellar cortex;
Respuesta
  • Spino-cerebellar paths - finishing (as mossy fibers) Not crossing the midline – posterior, dorsal, Flechsig’s.
  • Spino-olivary-cerebellar path – finishing (as climbing fibers) on Purkinje cells (crossing the midline twice).
  • Spino-olivary-cerebellar path – finishing (as climbing fibers) on Purkinje cells (Not crossing the midline – anterior, ventral, Gowers’)
  • Spino-cerebellar paths - finishing (as mossy fibers) Crossing the midline – posterior, dorsal, Flechsig’s.

Pregunta 29

Pregunta
Afferents to cerebellar cortex;
Respuesta
  • Tecto-cerebellar tract (auditory and visual impulses through superior and inferior colliculi)
  • Nucleo-cerebellar paths – from trigeminal nucleus and NTS.
  • Vestibulo-cerebellar tract (vestibular organ – vestibular nuclei to cerebellum).
  • Tecto-cerebellar tract (proprioceptive impulses from head and neck/upper limb)
  • Cuneo-cerebellar tract (auditory and visual impulses through superior and inferior colliculi)

Pregunta 30

Pregunta
Afferents to cerebellar cortex;
Respuesta
  • Reticulo-cerebellar tract.
  • Tecto-cerebellar tract (from contralateral pons; receiving input from cortex).
  • Ponto-cerebellar tract (from contralateral pons; receiving input from cortex).
  • Cuneo-cerebellar tract (proprioceptive impulses from head and neck/upper limb).

Pregunta 31

Pregunta
Efferents from cerebellar nuclei;
Respuesta
  • Cerebello- thalamo-cortical paths (through VLn of the thalamus).
  • Reticulo-cerebellar tract.
  • Cerebello-rubro-thalamo-cortical.
  • Nucleo-cerebellar paths
  • Cerebello-rubral and rubro-spinal tract.

Pregunta 32

Pregunta
Efferents from cerebellar nuclei;
Respuesta
  • Vestibulo-cerebellar tract
  • Cerebellum influense olivary nuclei through reticular system (regulation related to extrapyramidal system).
  • Cerebello-vestibular and vestibulo-spinal tract.
  • Cuneo-cerebellar tract

Pregunta 33

Pregunta
Circuitry in cerebellar cortex;
Respuesta
  • Cerebellar cortex receives all the cerebellar input (afference) through mossy and climbing fibers.
  • Cerebellar cortex gives all the cerebellar output (afference) through mossy and climbing fibers.
  • Cerebellar cortex modulates activity of neurons of deep cerebellar nuclei that project output of cerebellum.
  • Cerebelar cortex receives all the cerebellar input (afference) through climbing fibers.

Pregunta 34

Pregunta
Cerebellum – deep nuclei;
Respuesta
  • Dentate - voluntary movement
  • Emboliform - posture
  • Globose - small, precise movement
  • Fastigial - equilibrium

Pregunta 35

Pregunta
Cerebellum – Deep nuclei + Farther pathway
Respuesta
  • Dentate - nucleus ruber-thalamus- cortex
  • Emboliform - contralateral thalamus – cortex
  • Globose - nucleus ruber, reticular formation– spinal cord
  • Fastigial - vestibular nuclei –spinal cord, reticulospinal tract

Pregunta 36

Pregunta
Functional organisation of the cerebellar cortex;
Respuesta
  • Fastigial nucleus regulates distribution of muscle tone at rest and during physical activity.
  • Emboliform nucleus controls planning and performance of voluntary movements especially precise and complex
  • Globose nucleus controls body position.
  • Dentate nucleus regulates performance of fine, precise movements.

Pregunta 37

Pregunta
Cerebellar dysfunction;
Respuesta
  • Caused by tumors pressing on areas of the cerebellum, trauma, infection, infarction and metabolic problems.
  • Chronic reasons lead to sudden and strong initiation of symptoms
  • An acute reason will lead to sudden and strong initiation of symptoms
  • Damage to the cerebellum or the cerebellar peduncles is uncommon in multiple sclerosis.

Pregunta 38

Pregunta
Cerebellar dysfunction;
Respuesta
  • II phase - hypotonia, atonia, ataxia, etc,
  • I phase - hypotonia, atonia, ataxia, etc,
  • II phase - temporary elevation of the muscle tone
  • I phase – temporary elevation of the muscle tone

Pregunta 39

Pregunta
Axial symptoms; choose wrong
Respuesta
  • Hypotonia
  • Ataxia
  • Astenia
  • Hypertonia

Pregunta 40

Pregunta
Cerebellar dysfunction
Respuesta
  • Ataxia, abasia. dis-coordination, hypotonia and atonia
  • Decomposition of movement, scanning speech and astenia
  • Partial blindness and depth perception
  • Nystagmus, intention tremor, disdiadochokinesia and adiadochokinesia
  • Peripheral paralysis, resting tremors and memory loss
  • Hypo-, hyper-, dysmetria
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