Pregunta 1
Pregunta
Which factors predispose valves to pathology?
Respuesta
-
contain lymphoid tissue
-
highly avascular
-
highly vascular
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
The aortic valve has 3 cusps, right, left and [blank_start]non-coronary[blank_end]. Each cusp has [blank_start]sinus of valsalva[blank_end] which is important for [blank_start]coronary[blank_end] flow. Common pathology includes aortic [blank_start]stenosis[blank_end] and aortic [blank_start]regurgitation[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
non-coronary
-
sinus of valsalva
-
coronary
-
stenosis
-
regurgitation
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
Aortic stenosis can be [blank_start]congenital[blank_end], rheumatic valve disease, [blank_start]bicuspid valve[blank_end], calcification of trileaflet > [blank_start]70 years.[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
congenital
-
acquired
-
bicuspid valve
-
mono-cuspid valve
-
70 years.
-
30 years
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
In bicuspid aortic valves- the primary issue is?
Respuesta
-
disruption to annulus
-
fused commissure
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
With calcific aortic [blank_start]stenosis[blank_end] "wear and tear", leads to lipids, inflammation, calcification. This [blank_start]immobilises[blank_end] the cusps. You can have loss of [blank_start]50-70[blank_end]% with no symptoms. The sequelae is obstruction to flow which increases the load of the [blank_start]LV[blank_end]. The LV adapts by [blank_start]concentric hypertrophy[blank_end]. Once symptoms occur average survival is [blank_start]2-3[blank_end] years. The only effective treatment is [blank_start]valve replacement[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
stenosis
-
immobilises
-
50-70
-
LV
-
concentric hypertrophy
-
2-3
-
valve replacement
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
In aortic regurgitation blood leaks back from the aortic root into the left ventricle. Abnormalities include congenital disease, rhematic heart disease, endocarditis and trauma. The primary pathology occurs during diastole. Distortions to the aortic root occur with HTN, Marfans, ankylosing spondylitis, syphilis, and aortic dissection. What is the compensation of the heart?
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
The mitral valve has how many leaflets?
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
Mitral regurgitation can occur due to?
Respuesta
-
leaflet abnormalities
-
chordae
-
papillary muscle
-
LV muscle /wall
-
Annulus
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
During mitral regurgitation endocarditis destroys [blank_start]cusps[blank_end] and ruptures chordae. Rheumatic valve disease leads to scarring and retraction. Mitral valve [blank_start]prolapse[blank_end] occurs by expansion and elongation. Papillary muscle are affected during [blank_start]infarction[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
cusps
-
myocardium
-
blood vessels
-
prolapse
-
stenosis
-
hypertrophy
-
infarction
-
ischaemia
-
birth
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
Which of these are common symptoms of acute mitral regurgitation?
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
In chronic mitral regurgitation there is left ventricle concentric hypertrophy?
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
Rheumatic stenosis takes [blank_start]decades[blank_end] to develop. It leads to [blank_start]thickened[blank_end] valves, [blank_start]fusion[blank_end] of commissures, and thickened [blank_start]chordinae[blank_end]. Left [blank_start]Atrial[blank_end] pressure rises, and pulmonary [blank_start]hypertension[blank_end] is common. Mitral stenosis can be treated by surgery involving valve replacement and [blank_start]balloon valvoplasty[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
decades
-
thickened
-
fusion
-
chordinae
-
Atrial
-
hypertension
-
balloon valvoplasty
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Susceptibility to infective endocarditis involves?
Respuesta
-
Valve abnormalities
-
Prosthetic valves
-
IV drug users
-
Nosocomial infections
-
Young patients
-
HIV
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
Endocarditis complications include?
Respuesta
-
embolisms
-
glomerulonephritis
-
pulmonary fibrosis
-
systemic hypotension