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Pre-industrial & Pre- bureaucratic
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orgs are small and run by single person who employed family and friends.
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era of great man theory and traits theories
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The great man theory suggests that leadership traits could only be inherited.
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The traits theory suggests that specific traits or characteristics possessed by an individual made them distinguishable from non-leaders.
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Emergence of Hierarchy and Bureaucracy
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The world is still stable but organizations are beginning to grow therefore requiring orgs to require rules and standard procedures to ensure that activities are performed efficiently and effectively.
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in era 2 the hierarchies of authority caused chaos within organizations and made workers less efficient
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Rise of "rational manager" who directs and controls using an impersonal approach
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Era where employees weren't expected to think for themselves but rather do what they are told, follow rules and procedures, and accomplish specific tasks
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ERA 2 managers were concerned with the big picture rather than details
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Era where contingency and behavior theories emerged
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contingency theories:
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Leaders can analyze their situation and tailor their behavior to improve leadership effectiveness
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looked at the fact that not all behaviors are appropriate for every situation
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involved situational theories
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emphasized that leadership cannot be understood in a vacuum
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leaders' behavior correlated with leadership effectiveness or ineffectiveness
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suggest that traits are only inherited and cannot be learned or adjusted
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Behavior theories:
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Leaders' behavior correlated with leadership effectiveness or ineffectiveness
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First time it was looked at as "anyone can be a leader" not just those who had certain traits
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inherited traits lead to leadership behaviors
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involve situational theories
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suggest that any behavior can be appropriate for every situation
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The world is no longer stable and techniques of rational management are no longer successful.
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ERA 3 began a confusing time for leaders
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emergence of knowledge work and emphasis on horizontal collaboration
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Influence theories emerged and leader influence was very important because of the need to change organizational structure and cultures
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Leadership shifted from one person being in charge to being shared among team leaders. Members with the most expertise or knowledge on the matter at hand took on leadership roles.
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influence theories
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examined the influence between leaders and followers
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charismatic leadership emerged which meant leaders could influence based on their qualities or personality.
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suggest that followers were not easily influenced and were skeptical of change
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state that followers were beginning to have bigger influence on leaders.
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digital, mobile, social media age
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Emergence of "agile" leaders who made the leap to giving up control in the traditional sense
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Leaders emphasized relationships and networks. They were influencing through vision, meaning, purpose, and values rather than management, authority, and control
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rational leadership theories
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leaders used rational structure to control followers
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leaders were not accepting of these theories because they didn't want to lose control.
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era 3
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era 4
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focused on how leaders and followers interact and influence one another
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transformational & servant leaders
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Phenomenon where individuals can't advance further because of a mismatch between job needs and their personal skills and qualities
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Firing
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Laying off
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Derailment
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5 fatal flaws that cause derailment
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Performance problems
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Problems with relationships
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Difficulty changing
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Difficulty building and leading a team
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Too narrow management experience
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Unwillingness to adapt
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Inability to work efficiently
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Failing to see the big picture
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4 types of leader behavior
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democratic
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autocratic
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bureaucratic
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task-oriented
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people-oriented
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structured
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laid back
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characteristics of people-oriented leadership behavior
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focus on human needs to subordinates
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positive and respectful
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supportive and facilitate interaction
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define goals for employees
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trustworthy and encouraging
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accepting and compassionate
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check progress and work quality
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creates hostility among workers
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characteristics of task-oriented leadership behavior
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leaders direct activities toward efficiency, cost cutting, and scheduling
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Goal emphasis and work facilitation
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Acknowledge accomplishments
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Set performance expectations and evaluate performance
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coordinate activities and plan use of resources
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facilitate interaction
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leader delegates authority
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Autocratic leader behavior:
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leaders who tend to centralize authority and derive power from position, control of rewards and coercion
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leader who delegates authority to others, encourages participation, relies on subordinates knowledge for task completion, and depend on subordinate respect for influence
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Tends to create hostility among group members/employees
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workers perform even in the absence of the leader
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group members characterize leadership experience by positive feelings
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democratic leadership behavior
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a leader who delegates authority to others, encourages participation, relies on subordinates’ knowledge for completion of tasks, and depends on subordinate respect for influence
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a leader who tends to centralize authority and derive power from position, control of rewards and coercion
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creates hostility among group members/employees
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group members perform even in absence of leader
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group members characterize leadership experience with positive feelings
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people-oriented and task-oriented behaviors exist autonomously of one another but a leader can display both democratic and autocratic leadership styles simultaneously