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BioPsych Quiz w1-6: TMS, EMG, fMRI, Anatomy and Theories of Memory, Alzhiemers

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BioPsych Exam Style Qs Lectures 1- Topics:
Taylor Carre-Riddell
Test por Taylor Carre-Riddell, actualizado hace más de 1 año
Taylor Carre-Riddell
Creado por Taylor Carre-Riddell hace más de 7 años
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Pregunta 1

Pregunta
What determines the shape of the TMS coils?
Respuesta
  • The model of the machine
  • type and precision of the stimulation needed
  • The kind of and strength of electoral pulse
  • The duration of the test

Pregunta 2

Pregunta
How is TMS used in research?
Respuesta
  • Determining the casual involvement of a brain region
  • To test clinical drugs
  • To visualize brain structures
  • To disable glial cells

Pregunta 3

Pregunta
What are clinical applications of TMS?
Respuesta
  • This option is available in Victoria (e.g., the Victoria Clinic) for depression
  • Shock therapy and hyponosis
  • To disable a problematic part of the brain permantly
  • To subdue a distressed person to sleep

Pregunta 4

Pregunta
What are some advantages of EGG?
Respuesta
  • It is cheap and relatively easy to conduct
  • Temporal resolution is sound
  • A and B
  • The patient is conscious
  • You don't have to be trained to use it

Pregunta 5

Pregunta
Essentially one compares the BOLD fMRI signals coming from the brain in two situations
Respuesta
  • the control and experimental task
  • the control, experimental task and a task to demonstrate the instructions
  • the control, experimental task and a task to demonstrate the instructions and a task to calm them down
  • the control, experimental task and a task to demonstrate the instructions and a task to calm them down and another to measure the size/dynamics of the brain

Pregunta 6

Pregunta
ERP studies are used for:
Respuesta
  • Testing the ability of post trauma patients
  • Healing parts of the brain
  • Teach post trauma patients to rewire thier neurons
  • To study components of well established cognitive processes

Pregunta 7

Pregunta
Limits of EGG
Respuesta
  • Signals in the sulci are harder to detect than from gyri, and may additionally be masked by the signals from the gyri
  • A and D
  • The poor spacial resolution makes it difficult to determine location of ERP
  • The orientation of the neurons determines the sign of the recorded potentials - Some orientations lead to signals which cannot be recorded.

Pregunta 8

Pregunta
What adv does fMRI have over PET scans?
Respuesta
  • fMRI doesn't need radiation
  • fMRI is cheaper and easier to use
  • fMRI the patient can be awake
  • fMRI allows for 3D views of the brain

Pregunta 9

Pregunta
What is BOLD?
Respuesta
  • Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent Because the brain sends so much blood to the active area, the oxygen content of the blood actually increases
  • The type of scanning signal
  • Blood Oxygen Leverage-Dependent The net gradient in change that occurs when brain activity spikes and the brain loses oxygen
  • Blood Oxytocin Level-Dependent Because the patent is nervous, we accept a level of oxycotin spike and compare it against the normal rate

Pregunta 10

Pregunta
What is a disadv of BOLD fMRI ?
Respuesta
  • if two neural events occur within about two seconds of each other, the BOLD fMRI responses to the two events will become confused. Maximum temporal resolution is about 2 seconds.
  • f a given neuron “requests” more blood, all neighbouring neurons within about 1 mm of it will receive an increased blood flow. Thus, if two neural events occur within 1 mm of each other, BOLD fMRI will not be able to distinguish them.
  • A and B
  • neither: BOLD measurement compensates for these flaws

Pregunta 11

Pregunta
What is a safety concern with fMRI measurements?
Respuesta
  • The patient may be claustrophibic
  • Any ferromagnetic object brought too close will literally fly into the magnetic, destroying whatever is inside the magnet (e.g. the patient)
  • The liquid hydrogen could leak
  • None of the above
  • Getting he procedure wrong can resultin patient brain injury

Pregunta 12

Pregunta
Which process states the physics of the brain scan correctly
Respuesta
  • None of the below: the process is molecular
  • The slower the decay rate, the greater the neural activity, thus we drip feed signals and see how long it takes for the brain to stop responding completely
  • The slower the decay rate, the greater the neural activity. we excite the brain with an RF pulse. Then we measured the RF pulse emitted in turn by the brain. By measuring how long the brain’s RF pulse takes to decay we can infer the neural activity in that region of the brain.
  • we excite the brain with an RF pulse. Then we measured the RF pulse emitted in turn by the brain. By measuring how long the brain’s RF pulse takes to decay we can infer the neural activity in that region of the brain. The slower the decay rate, the greater the neural activity.

Pregunta 13

Pregunta
Cririsms of fMRI include:
Respuesta
  • Multiple Comparisons Problem- multiple comparisons problem: the more t tests you do, the greater chance there is of reporting a false positive, solved by preforming a Bonferoni Correction test
  • All answers are correct
  • Over Interpretation of Null Results: the failure to prove that a given brain area is involved in a particular task does not prove that the brain area is not involved in the task
  • Non-independent sample selection : use different scanning sessions for the identification and testing of the ROI.

Pregunta 14

Pregunta
Epilepsy is caused by:
Respuesta
  • Inhibitory-excitatory balance: GABA and glutamate, due to a reduction in GABA
  • Inhibitory-excitatory balance: GABA and glutamate, due to a reduction in glutamine
  • Neurons going through apoptosis at an alarming rate
  • None of the above

Pregunta 15

Pregunta
TLE Epilepsy involves
Respuesta
  • Recurrent unprovoked seizures originating from medial (middle/inner or lateral towards the outside temporal lobe” Simple partial seizures (without loss of awareness) AND Complex partial seizures (with loss of awareness)
  • Recurrent unprovoked seizures originating from medial (middle/inner or lateral towards the outside temporal lobe” Simple partial seizures (without loss of awareness) but not Complex partial seizures (with loss of awareness)
  • Recurrent unprovoked seizures originating from medial (middle/inner or lateral towards the outside temporal lobe” Not, Simple partial seizures (without loss of awareness) but actually Complex partial seizures (with loss of awareness)
  • None of the above

Pregunta 16

Pregunta
Hippocampal formation is essential for what functions?
Respuesta
  • necessary for relational memory tasks eg Paired Associate Learning tasks Information is integrated in sensory systems, sent to hippocampal formation for long-term storage.
  • Information is integrated in sensory systems, sent to hippocampal formation for long-term storage.
  • necessary for relational memory tasks eg Paired Associate Learning tasks Information is integrated in sensory systems, sent to hippocampal formation for long-term storage. Connecting to the temporal neocortex
  • all of the above

Pregunta 17

Pregunta
Who was HM?
Respuesta
  • 27 y.o. man with severe temporal lobe epilepsy Underwent bilateral resection of extensive amount of medial temporal tissue. Normal attention span, preserved intelligence Retrograde memory essentially recovered over time. Severe anterograde amnesia – Declarative Declarative memory: conscious access to information learned previously. Severely impaired vs. procedural memory: remembering ‘how to’. Was ok.
  • 27 year old man who suffered a serious injury by an iron rod piercing his head and frontal cortex This led to severe changes in his personality in the 50s
  • Suffered DAT and diagnosed with the disease after memory assessment
  • 50 year old man who suffered a serious injury by an iron rod piercing his head and frontal cortex This led to severe changes in his personality in the 50s

Pregunta 18

Pregunta
what does damage to papez circuit result in?
Respuesta
  • result in declarative memory impairment
  • result in declarative memory impairment and procedural memory
  • damage to episodic and procedural memory
  • damage to rely to the amygdala

Pregunta 19

Pregunta
What was the research question in Amassian et al. (1989) classical TMS study?
Respuesta
  • They investigated error processing by applying TMS during the time window of the ERN.
  • They investigated the effects of TMS over primary visual cortex on the perception of letter stimuli. 
  • They investigated the effects of TMS over prefrontal cortex on the perception of letter stimuli.
  • They investigated the effects of TMS over primary motor cortex on mental rotation

Pregunta 20

Pregunta
The maximum temporal resolution of fMRI is approximately
Respuesta
  • 2 ms
  • 20 ms
  • 200 ms
  • 2000 ms

Pregunta 21

Pregunta
Which of the following is a safety concern for fMRI?
Respuesta
  • It involves ingesting a radioactive isotope.
  • The machine may cause people to feel claustrophobic.
  • Patients must fast before having an fMRI scan.
  • It should not be administered to patients with epilepsy.

Pregunta 22

Pregunta
What is a typical EEG amplitude?
Respuesta
  • 10μV to 100μV
  • 1000μV to 100000μV
  • 20μV to 200μV
  • 1μV to 10μV

Pregunta 23

Pregunta
Which of the following is NOT one of the four TMS techniques discussed in the lectures?
Respuesta
  • The "probing excitability" approach
  • The injection of "neural noise"
  • The "simultaneous-pulse approach"
  • The creation of a "virtual lesion"

Pregunta 24

Pregunta
The biochemical basis of epileptic seizures is:
Respuesta
  • an inhibitor that binds to receptors on the post-synaptic membrane, preventing the uptake of glutamate.
  • lesions to the medial or lateral temporal lobe.
  • oversecretion of glutamate.
  • a reduction in GABA uptake.

Pregunta 25

Pregunta
What is an advantage of the Electroencephalograph?
Respuesta
  • The temporal resolution is good 
  • It is not biased to signals generated in superficial layers of cerebral cortex 
  • The spatial resolution is good 
  • Signals from the sulci are easy to detect 

Pregunta 26

Pregunta
The memory deficit detailed in the case study of HM is ____ because HM ___
Respuesta
  • anterograde amnesia; could not remember events from before the incident but could create new memories.
  • retrograde amnesia; could not remember events from before the incident but could create new memories.
  • anterograde amnesia; had access to long-term memory from before the incident but was unable to create new memories post injury.
  • retrograde amnesia; had access to long-term memory from before the incident but was unable to create new memories post injury

Pregunta 27

Pregunta
How will a 46 year old individual presenting with two forms of cognition deficits, both amnestic and non-amnestic be diagnosed, according to McKhann et al's criteria for Alzheimer's Disease?
Respuesta
  • Probable AD
  • Definite AD
  • Possible AD
  • Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type

Pregunta 28

Pregunta
How does TMS-induced currents affect neurons?
Respuesta
  • TMS-induced current causes all neurons within a circumscribed area of cortex to fire towards the anterior and posterior sections of the brain
  • TMS-induced current causes all neurons within a circumscribed area of cortex to fire randomly
  • TMS-induced current causes all neurons within a circumscribed area of cortex to fire in a path align with the magnetic field path
  • TMS-induced current causes all neurons within a circumscribed area of cortex to fire all in the same direction

Pregunta 29

Pregunta
What is the main danger associated with fMRI?
Respuesta
  • ionising radiation
  • seizure
  • strong magnetic field
  • there is no danger associated with fMRI

Pregunta 30

Pregunta
what does the bold fMRI measure?
Respuesta
  • the oxygen level in the blood
  • the magnetic field of the brain 
  • the neural activity in the brain 

Pregunta 31

Pregunta
After his operation, HM had trouble with
Respuesta
  • Retrograde memory 
  • Intelligence and attention span 
  • Anterograde memory formation 
  • Temporal lobe epilepsy 

Pregunta 32

Pregunta
A lesion on the left medial temporal lobe results in
Respuesta
  • emotional memory impairment 
  • verbal memory impairment 
  • non-verbal memory impairment 
  • visual memory impairment 

Pregunta 33

Pregunta
Out of four children, one of the girls and one of the boys in a family both share a genetic biological condition. Through genetic family tree mapping, you find out that none of their parents, uncles, aunties and grandparents share this condition. If we are looking at the daughter, what mode of inheritance is this gene? 
Respuesta
  • Autosomal Recessive
  • Autosomal Dominant
  • X-Linked Recessive
  • None of the above

Pregunta 34

Pregunta
what is ltp?
Respuesta
  • a form of malfunctioned nuerotransmitter
  • A fault in an action potential where it hyperpolizerses for too long
  • When an axon of cell A…excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells so that A’s efficiency as one of the cell’s firing B is increased” Cell B responds more vigiously to cell A next time
  • A form of neuron death

Pregunta 35

Pregunta
Declarative memory is _________ with 2 divisions______
Respuesta
  • a result of procedual memory; explicit and implicit memory
  • Accumulation of facts/data derived from learning experiences outcome of processing by various processing systems, which feed the hippocampal formation; Semantic and Episodic
  • Declarative memory is the result of episdic/semantic memory processes
  • Is relational/connective in nature, links between memories rent context based and thus 2 divisions dont exist

Pregunta 36

Pregunta
which model is most useful for studing amnesia?
Respuesta
  • Serial models
  • Parralel models

Pregunta 37

Pregunta
Turving's SPI hypothesis states:
Respuesta
  • Episodic memory is an extension of semantic memory
  • Semantic memory is in charge of episodic memory
  • Retrieval can be supported by either system
  • A and C are correct

Pregunta 38

Pregunta
VK study does or doesn't fit in SPI hypothesis:
Respuesta
  • Yes
  • No

Pregunta 39

Pregunta
Whilst there are no definite causes of DAT, some risk factors
Respuesta
  • Genetic mutation causing early onset DAT (Autosomal dominant)
  • Having DS
  • Head injury
  • All of the above

Pregunta 40

Pregunta
What is the key difference between the 2 following points in McKhann's et al. DAT criteria?
Respuesta
  • PrAD, unlike probA, is assessment in life, the other after death
  • In possible AD, the patient has been by a neuropsychologist if there is variance in the presentation of symptoms, whereas probable AD simply involves the presentation of non-amnesia symptoms
  • There is no difference; on is a continuation of the other
  • Possible AD is assessed by the family, probable by a professional

Pregunta 41

Pregunta
The pathology of DAT involves
Respuesta
  • All of the below
  • Glial cell proliferation
  • Severe Degradation of neutrons
  • Senile plaque formation

Pregunta 42

Pregunta
What is te first stage of amnesic presentation
Respuesta
  • MTL impairment (Antero-retrograde memory)
  • Prefrontal cortex degradation
  • PTL impairment (word finding difficulties)
  • Paritial lobe (visiospacial difficulties)

Pregunta 43

Pregunta
MK symptoms include:
Respuesta
  • All of the below
  • Word finding difficulties due to posterior temportall lobe damage
  • Visiospacial difficulties suggest parietal tlobe damage
  • Recognition and recall memory impairment suggesting MTL impairment

Pregunta 44

Pregunta
The hippocampal formation:
Respuesta
  • Is made up of the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices
  • Is part of the lateral temporal lobes
  • Includes the dentate gyrus and subiculum
  • None of the above

Pregunta 45

Pregunta
Temporal lobe epilepsy:
Respuesta
  • Has taught us much about the semantic memory system
  • Usually causes seizures that are barely noticeable to an observer
  • None of the these
  • Is not usually associated with memory impairment

Pregunta 46

Pregunta
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Respuesta
  • The frontal lobes incorporate primary memory systems
  • The frontal lobes are essential for relating arbitrarily related pieces of information
  • Damage to the thalamus is unlikely to result in memory impairment
  • All of the above

Pregunta 47

Pregunta
Hebb’s rule:
Respuesta
  • Explains autonoetic awareness
  • Describes longterm depression
  • Describes longterm potentiation
  • Explains why depression can cause memory impairment

Pregunta 48

Pregunta
Because fMRI is non-radioactive the same subject can be scanned repeatedly.
Respuesta
  • true
  • false
  • depends on the subject
  • depends on the scanner

Pregunta 49

Pregunta
Longterm potentiation is important because:
Respuesta
  • It describes how excitatory post synaptic potentials increase as a result of increased stimulus frequency
  • It brings about temporary chemical changes that underpin memory function
  • It only occurs in the temporal lobes and proves that this is the site of primary memory function
  • It describes how inhibitory post synaptic potentials increase as a result of decreased stimulus frequency

Pregunta 50

Pregunta
Explicit and implicit memory:
Respuesta
  • Are the same thing as declarative and procedural memory
  • Are distinguished partially on the basis of whether conscious recollection is used
  • Are useful concepts in understanding human amnestic syndromes
  • Both requrie that the learning and recall environments are the same

Pregunta 51

Pregunta
The maximum spatial resolution of fMRI is approximat
Respuesta
  • 0.1 mm
  • 1 mm
  • 10 mm
  • none of the above

Pregunta 52

Pregunta
Vargha-Khadem’s ‘children’:
Respuesta
  • Revealed important insights about the role of the frontal lobes in memory
  • Demonstrated that the lateral temporal neocortex is essential for semantic memory function
  • Indicated that episodic memory and semantic memory can show a single dissociation in performance during encoding
  • None of the above

Pregunta 53

Pregunta
Semantic memory:
Respuesta
  • Is “knowledge memory”
  • Makes it possible to acquire and retain factual information
  • Does not involve autonoetic awareness
  • All of the above

Pregunta 54

Pregunta
Episodic memory:
Respuesta
  • and semantic memory are both memory systems that make mental "time travel" possible, according to Tulving
  • Contains semantic memory within it
  • Relies on the hippocampal circuit
  • All of the above

Pregunta 55

Pregunta
Bonferroni corrections are used to address
Respuesta
  • the multiple comparisons problem
  • statistical relevance
  • the non-independent sample selection bias
  • the problem of over-interpreting a null result

Pregunta 56

Pregunta
Dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (DAT):
Respuesta
  • Cannot be diagnosed during life
  • Is the dementing syndrome associated with Alzheimer’s disease
  • Can be successfully treated with anti-epileptic drugs
  • Is the process of normal ageing speeded up

Pregunta 57

Pregunta
fMRI records radio frequency signals emitted by
Respuesta
  • hydrogen atoms
  • hydrogen nuclei
  • oxygen atoms
  • oxygen nuclei
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