8858520
Descripción
Test por Med Student , actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por Med Student
hace más de 7 años
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Pregunta 1
Pregunta
The nephron:
Respuesta
-
has endocrine functions
-
is lined by a single layer of epithelial cells
-
is under endocrine control
-
absorbs more ions and molecules than it secretes
-
all of the above
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
The control of water excretion in the kidney is controlled by:
Respuesta
-
the antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-
the medulla oblongata
-
blood plasma
-
sodium amount in the blood
-
potassium amount in the blood
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
The kidneys have a direct effect on which of the following?
Respuesta
-
blood pressure
-
how much water a person excretes
-
total blood volume
-
pH
-
all of the above
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
Glucose reabsorption occurs in the:
Respuesta
-
proximal tubule
-
loop of Henle
-
distal tubule
-
cortical collecting duct
-
medullary collecting duct
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
Renin is secreted by:
Respuesta
-
cells in the macula densa
-
cells in the proximal tubule
-
cells in the distal tubule
-
juxtaglomerular cells
-
cells in the peritubular capillary bed
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
Renin release:
Respuesta
-
is promoted by reduced arteriolar stretch in. the glomeruli
-
increases when systemic arterial pressure rises
-
directly activates angiotensin converting enzyme
-
tends to expand the plasma volume
-
a and d
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
The glomerulus:
Respuesta
-
has both afferent and efferent arterioles
-
contains capillaries, which are at a higher hydrostatic pressure than the peritubular capillaries
-
filters 20% of the renal plasma flow
-
contains renin-secreting cells
-
all of the above
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
The acid-buffering power:
Respuesta
-
of HCO3- in blood is increased by respiratory control of pCO2
-
of haemoglobin exceeds that of HCO3- in blood
-
of HCO3- is increased by the action of carbonic anhydrase
-
of venous blood is normally greater than that of arterial blood
-
a, b, and d
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
Urinary volume is increased with:
Respuesta
-
consumption of alcohol
-
hyperglycemia
-
increased aldosterone secretion
-
damage to the posterior pituitary
-
a, b, and d
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
The following occurs in the proximal tubule of the nephron:
Respuesta
-
reabsorption of all glucose
-
reabsorption of most water
-
active reabsorption of sodium
-
secretion of bicarbonate
-
a, b, and c
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
The antidiuretic hormone (ADH):
Respuesta
-
decreases the osmolarity of urine
-
decreases the volume of urine
-
increases the reabsorption of water in the proximal tubules
-
is synthesised in the posterior posterior pituitary gland
-
increases the excretion of glucose
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
Regarding the kidneys:
Respuesta
-
there are 1.3 million nephrons in each kidney
-
they produce aldosterone
-
they receive 12% of the cardiac output at rest
-
more blood flows through the renal cortex than the renal medulla
-
a, and d
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Which of the following causes hyperkalemia
Respuesta
-
exercise
-
alkalosis
-
insulin injection
-
decreased serum osmolality
-
increased serum osmolality
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
Glucose is reabsorbed:
Respuesta
-
by active transport
-
by passive transport
-
by Na+ co-transport
-
by H+ counter-transport
-
a, and c
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
Simulation of the sympathetic nerves cause the following effects;
Respuesta
-
low diuresis
-
decreased net filtration pressure
-
increased glucose urine level
-
decreased glucose urine level
-
a, and b
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
The glomerular capillaries have the following functions:
Respuesta
-
blood plasma filtration
-
hormone secretion
-
water secretion
-
formation of primary urine
-
a, and d
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
Obligatory water loss from the body is:
Respuesta
-
400 ml in faeces
-
300 ml from the lungs
-
loss from skin & lungs
-
insensible water loss
-
500 ml in urine
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
Blood flow at rest is most for:
Respuesta
-
brain
-
liver
-
kidneys
-
heart
-
skin
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
Renal blood flow is dependent on:
Respuesta
-
juxtaglomerular apparatus
-
[Na+] at macula densa
-
afferent vasodilatation
-
arterial pressure
-
efferent vasoconstriction
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
Which of the following substances has the highest renal clearance?
Respuesta
-
PAH
-
Glucose
-
Urea
-
Water
-
Insulin
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is:
Respuesta
-
impermeable to Na+
-
involved in active transport of K+ into the lumen
-
involved in active transport of Cl- out of lumen
-
involved in active transport of Na+ into lumen
-
hypotonic at the top
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
Which of the following ls involved in the regulation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Respuesta
-
juxtaglomerular apparatus
-
afferent arteriolar tone
-
efferent arteriolar tone
-
chloride transport at the macula densa
-
all of the above
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
Water excretion by the kidney is due to:
Respuesta
-
osmosis
-
active transport into the lumen
-
passive secretion in the collecting tubule
-
solvent drag
-
facilitated diffusion
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
Kidneys produce:
Respuesta
-
Erythropoietin
-
ADH
-
Angiotensin ll
-
ANP
-
Cholecalciferol
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
Increase in GFR occurs when there is:
Respuesta
-
increased sympathetic stimulation
-
decreased renal blood flow
-
hypoproteinaemia
-
ureteric obstruction
-
none of the above
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
The clearance (or ‘renal regulation') of which one of the following is not regulated by a hormone:
Respuesta
-
sodium
-
potassium
-
calcium
-
phosphate
-
sulphate
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
The kidneys filter from the blood every day about:
Respuesta
-
1000 ml
-
180 l
-
18 l
-
50 l
-
8 l
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
Direct control of water excretion in the kidney is controlled by:
Respuesta
-
the antidiuretic hormone
-
the medulla oblongata
-
aldosterone
-
sodium amounts in the blood
-
adrenal cortex
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
Kidneys have a direct effect on which of the following:
Respuesta
-
blood pressure
-
how much water a person excretes
-
total blood volume
-
pH
-
all of the above
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
The countercurrent exchange system includes:
Respuesta
-
glomerulus and macula densa
-
proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule
-
loop of Henle and collecting tubule
-
afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole
-
ureters and bladder
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
Tubular reabsorption of a filtered substance is likely to be active rather than passive if:
Respuesta
-
its concentration in the tubular fluid is lower than in peritubular capillary blood
-
is carried out by the mechanism of simple diffusion
-
renal clearance is lower than that of insulin
-
renal clearance rises at low plasma levels
-
osmolality there is higher than the plasma one
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
The renal clearance of a substance:
Respuesta
-
is inversely related to its urinary concentration, U
-
is directly related to the rate of urine formation, and is expressed in units of volume per unit time
-
is directly related to its plasma concentration, P
-
is expressed in mm Hg
-
must fall in the presence of metabolic poisons
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
In the fluid in the distal part of the proximal convoluted tubule:
Respuesta
-
urea concentration is higher than in Bowman’s capsule
-
pH is less than 6 when the kidneys are excreting an acid urine
-
glucose concentration is similar to that in plasma
-
osmolality is about 25 per cent that of glomerular filtrate
-
bicarbonate concentration is higher than in plasma
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
Renal tubules normally reabsorb:
Respuesta
-
fluids with osmolality lower than the plasma one
-
all filtered HCO3- in respiratory alcalosis
-
substances closely related to Cl-
-
all filtered plasma proteins
-
more K+ and Cl-
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
In the nephron, the osmolarity or the fluid in the:
Respuesta
-
Tip of the loop Of Henle is less than that of plasma
-
Bowman's capsules is less than that in the distal tubules
-
Collecting duct rises when vasopressin is being secreted
-
Proximal convoluted tubule rises along its length
-
Proximal tubule is with lower osmolality than plasma one
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
Transport maximum (Tm) - limited reabsorption of a substance implies that its:
Respuesta
-
reabsorption is active
-
reabsorption is critically related to tubular transit time
-
reabsorption is passive
-
renal clearance falls with its plasma concentration
-
reabsorbtion is carried out by the mechanism of faciliated diffusion
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
When a patient’s mean arterial blood pressure falls by 50%
Respuesta
-
renal blood flow increases
-
glomerular filtration increases
-
there is a decrease in the circulating aldosterone level
-
renal vasoconstriction occurs
-
urinary output is increased
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
The cells of the distal convoluted tubule:
Respuesta
-
reabsorb about 50 % of the water filtered by the glomeruli
-
reabsorb all filtered aminoacide
-
reabsorb all filtered proteins
-
reabsorb sodium in exchange for hydrogen or potassium ions
-
determine the final composition of urine
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
Renal blood flow falls:
Respuesta
-
about 10 % when arterial pressure increases 10% above normal
-
about 5% when metabolic activity in the kidney falls by 5%
-
during emotional stress
-
after small haemorrhage
-
gradually from the inner medulla to the outer cortex per unit weight of tissue
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
Urea:
Respuesta
-
and glucose have different molar concentrations in normal blood
-
clearance is higher, than creatinins one
-
is actively secreted by the renal tubular cells into the tubular fluid
-
concentration in blood may rise ten-fold after a high protein meal
-
causes diuresis when its blood concentration is increased
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
The renal clearance of:
Respuesta
-
Inulin provides an estimate of glomerular filtration rate
-
Chloride increases after an injection of aldosterone
-
PAH falls when the PAH load exceeds the Tm for PAH
-
Urea is higher than that of insulin
-
Inulin is dependent of its plasma concentration
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
Aldosterone:
Respuesta
-
is a steroid hormone, secreted by the adrenal medulla
-
production ceases following removal of the kidneys and their juxtaglomerular cells
-
production decreases in treatment with drugs which block angiotensin-converting enzyme
-
secretion results in increased potassium reabsorption by the nephron
-
secretion results in a fall in plasma volume
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
In healthy people, urinary:
Respuesta
-
clearance of glucose differs 0, if its plasma concentration is below 11,1mmol.1-1
-
osmolality ranges from 200-400 mosmol/litre
-
colour is due to small quantities of bile pigments
-
pH falls as dietary protein rises
-
calcium excretion is decreased by parathormone
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
The renal clearance
Respuesta
-
glucose is above 0, if the plasma concentration of a given substance is below 11, mmol.1-1
-
of urea is higher than creatinin‘s one
-
of glucose provides an estimate of renal plasma flow
-
of phosphate is decreased by parathormone
-
of protein is normally zero
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
Secretion of renin:
Respuesta
-
occurs in the stomach during infancy
-
is stimulated by the hormone angiotensin 1
-
is stimulated by a fall in extracellular fluid volume and leads to raised levels of angiotensin II in the blood
-
inhibits the secretion of aldosterone
-
inhibits ACTH secretion by the pituitary gland
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
Diabetes insipidus (deficiency of antldiuretic hormone) causes a fall in the:
Respuesta
-
osmolality of the urine
-
reabsorption of water from the proximal tubules
-
extracellular but not intracellular fluid volume
-
extracellular fluid osmolality
-
intracellular fluid osmolality
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
Dialysis fluid used in the treatment of renal failure should contain the normal plasma levels of:
Respuesta
-
urea
-
potassium
-
osmolarity
-
plasma proteins
-
hydrogen ions
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
Long-standing obstruction of the urethra may cause:
Respuesta
-
enlargement of the prostate gland
-
dystrophy of the bladder muscle
-
dilation of the ureters and reduction of the glomerular filtration rate
-
increase and reduction of the glomerular filtration rate
-
a decrease in residual volume in the bladder
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
Emptying of the bladder may be less effective if:
Respuesta
-
the sympathetic nerves carrying afferent information from bladder to the spinal cord are cut
-
the pelvic nerves are cut or anticholinergic drugs are administered
-
cholinergic agonists are administered
-
alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists are administered
-
beta-adrenergic receptor blockers are administered
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
Drugs which interfere with active transport of sodium in the proximal tubule tend to increase:
Respuesta
-
urine production
-
plasma osmorality
-
chloride reabsorbtion
-
intestinal fluid volume
-
plasma volume
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
A drug which inhibits carbonic anhydrase:
Respuesta
-
decreases bicarbonate formation and reabsorption in the kidney
-
increases plasma bicarbonate levels
-
increases blood pH
-
increases urinary loss of potassium ions
-
increases urinary volume and pH
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
A patient with chronic renal failure usually has:
Respuesta
-
an increased blood urea and blood uric acid
-
a decreased blood uric acid
-
an increased creatinine clearance
-
an increased acid-base disturbance when he or she vomits
-
an increased acid-base problem on a low protein diet
Pregunta 53
Pregunta
Cutting the sympathetic nerves to the bladder may cause:
Respuesta
-
difficulty in emptying the bladder
-
loss of tone in the internal sphincter of the bladder and loss of pain sensation in the bladder
-
loss of tone in the external sphincter of the bladder
-
increased pain sensation in the bladder
-
infertility in the female
Pregunta 54
Pregunta
Sudden (acute) renal failure differs from gradual (chronic) renal failure in that:
Respuesta
-
potassium retention tends to be more severe
-
blood urea levels tend to be higher
-
depression of bone marrow activity is unlikely to occur
-
metabolic acidosis is usually not a problem
-
dietary protein restriction is unnecessary
Pregunta 55
Pregunta
A long-standing increase in arterial pCO2 (respiratory acidosis) leads to:
Respuesta
-
an increase in renal bicarbonate formation
-
a decrease in urinary ammonium salts
-
a decrease in plasma potassium concentration
-
an increase of the monohydrogen/dihydrogen phosphate ratio in urine
-
a decrease in urinary bicarbonate excretion
Pregunta 56
Pregunta
The inhibition of the antidiurctic hormone (ADH), say by alcohol, would have what affect?
Respuesta
-
constriction of the afferent arteriole
-
inhibition of diuresis
-
stimulation of water conservation
-
constriction of the efferent arteriole
-
reduction in water conservation by the kidneys
Pregunta 57
Pregunta
Reabsorption of amino acids from the filtrate requires many different protein carriers because:
Respuesta
-
denaturation may occur
-
this transport is not competitive
-
there are only 10 different amino acids
-
transport of amino acids is typically highly specific
-
glucose inhibits amino acid transport
Pregunta 58
Pregunta
Reabsorption (transport) of both N a‘“ and glucose together from the renal lumen is an example of:
Respuesta
-
facilitated diffusion
-
secondary passive transport
-
primary direct active transport
-
secondary indirect active antiport
-
secondary indirect active symport
Pregunta 59
Pregunta
Drinking a litre of water:
Respuesta
-
increases secretion of antidiuretic honnone
-
reduces the plasma sodium concentration
-
increases osmolarity of the urine
-
causes body cells to shrink
-
decreases the specific gravity of the body
Pregunta 60
Pregunta
An acid-base buffer system:
Respuesta
-
can be a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base
-
can be a solution of sodium and bicarbonate ions
-
prevents any change in pH when acid is added
-
works best when acid and base are equal in concentration
-
is hemoglobin as an example of intracellular buffer
Pregunta 61
Pregunta
Acidosis in a patient may lead to:
Respuesta
-
increased urinary excretion of potassium
-
hypoventilation
-
a blood pH of less than 5.5
-
an urinary pH of less than 5.5
-
tetany
Pregunta 62
Pregunta
A rise in the osmolality of extracellular fluid may lead to:
Respuesta
-
thirst and release of vasopressin
-
increased water reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubules
-
a decrease of vasopressin secretion
-
an increase in intracellular fluid volume
-
suppression of sweat secretion
Pregunta 63
Pregunta
A raised blood pH and bicarbonate level is consistent with:
Respuesta
-
metabolic acidosis
-
partly compensated respiratory alkalosis
-
a reduced pCO2
-
chronic renal failure with a raised pCO2
-
a history of persistent vomiting of gastric contents
Pregunta 64
Pregunta
A patient with partly compensated respiratory acidosis:
Respuesta
-
must have a raised pCO2
-
must have a raised bicarbonate concentration [HCO3-]
-
may have evidence of renal compensation
-
may have respiratory failure due to hypoventilation
-
all of the above
Pregunta 65
Pregunta
Sodium retention:
Respuesta
-
occurs for several days after major surgery
-
expands the extracellular fluid volume
-
expands the blood volume
-
increases the severity of oedema
-
all of the above
Pregunta 66
Pregunta
Sodium depletion differs from water depletion in that:
Respuesta
-
cardiovascular changes are less pronounced
-
intracellular fluid volume is less affected
-
the haematocrit increases
-
thirst is more severe
-
antidiuretic hormone levels are higher
Pregunta 67
Pregunta
A high blood potassium level (hyperkalaemia):
Respuesta
-
occurs in acute renal failure
-
follows severe crush injuries to the limbs
-
may diminish cardiac performance and cause death
-
may be reduced by Intravenous infusion of insulin and glucose
-
all of the above
Pregunta 68
Pregunta
A raised level of calcium in the blood (hypercalcaemia):
Respuesta
-
may occur when parathyrord activity decreases
-
may occur when the plasma protein level falls
-
may occur in chronic renal failure
-
increases the risk of stone formation in the urinary tract
-
causes increased excitability of nerve and muscle
Pregunta 69
Pregunta
Thirst is stimulated by:
Respuesta
-
increase in plasma osmolality and volume
-
increase in plasma osmolality and decrease in volume
-
decrease in osmolality and increase in volume
-
decrease in plasma osmolality and volume
-
increase in intracelular volume
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