Basecamp Musculoskeletal

Muscle TestingBethany Sturgis

Basecamp Musculoskeletal

Q: Where is resistance applied when performing manual muscle testing of the biceps femoris in prone?A: Posterior leg immediately proximal to the ankle.

Resource: Musculoskeletal Assessment page 333, Knee flexion MMT: "Resistance location. Applied proximal to the ankle joint on the posterior aspect of the leg."

Muscle Testing

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Biceps Femoris MMT

Muscle Testing

Q: Which muscle would be tested by applying manual resistance against the upper portion of the shoulder and the patient's head simultaneously?A: Upper Trapezius

Resource: Musculoskeletal Assessment page 104, Scapular elevation MMT: "Resistance Location. Applied over the top of the shoulder(s)."

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Upper Trap MMT

Muscle Testing

Q:What muscle would be strength tested by placing the elbow in maximal flexion and the forearm in maximal supination to minimize activation of the biceps brachii?A: Coracobrachialis

Resource: Musculoskeletal Assessment page 116, Shoulder Flexion and Adduction MMT: "Start position. The patient is supine. The shoulder is in slight abduction and external rotation; the elbow is flexed with the forearm in supination." "Resistance location. Applied to the anteromedial aspect of the distal humerus."

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Coracobrachialis MMT

Muscle Testing

Q: What muscle would be strength tested in supine by applying pressure against the anterior aspect of the shoulder, downward toward the table?A: Pectoralis Minor

Resource: Essentials of Kinesiology for the PTA page 67, Pec Minor info: "Actions: Depression of the scapula, downward rotation of the scapula, anterior tilt of the scapula. Comments: The pectoralis minor plays a significant role in stabilizing the scapula and neutralizing unwanted motions of the scapula...the pectoralis minor may be used to assist with inspiration by elevating the ribs."

Pec Minor MMT

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Muscle Testing

Q: What muscle would be strength tested in prone with the arm laying on the small of the back?A: Teres Major

Resource: Musculoskeletal Assessment page 118, Shoulder extension MMT: "Start position. The patient is in a prone-lying position at the edge of the plinth. The arm is at the side, with the shoulder in internal rotation. The palm faces the ceiling."

Teres Major MMT

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Teres Major MMT 2

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Muscle Testing

Q: Resisted muscle testing performed on a muscle with a minor lesion would most likely be classified as:A: Strong and painful

Resource: Physical Rehabilitation page 146, table 4.5, Results of Resisted Isometric Testing: "Strong and painful - There is a minor lesion of the tested muscle or tendon."

Muscle Testing

Q: Which of the following would be least appropriate for assessment with a pinch gauge?A: Cylinder grip

Resource: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3785662/A sphygmomanometer is used to measure hand grip. The gauge needle shows the patient's grip pressure.

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Sphygmomanometer for grip strength

Muscle Testing

Q: When performing a resistive test of the triceps muscle in supine, the shoulder should be positioned in:A: 90 degrees of flexion

    Resource: Musculoskeletal Assessment page 164, Elbow extension MMT: "Start position. The patient is supine. The shoulder is internally rotated and flexed to 90 degrees, the elbow is flexed, and the forearm is supinated."

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Triceps MMT

Muscle Testing

Q: Which muscle would be tested by the therapist applying manual resistance against the forearm with pressure applied in the direction of medial rotation of the humerus?A: Infraspinatus

Resource: Musculoskeletal Assessment page 130, Shoulder external rotation MMT: "Resistance location. Applied proximal to the wrist joint on the posterior aspect of the forearm."

Infraspinatus MMT

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Muscle Testing

Q: Where should a therapist stabilize when performing a manual muscle test of the tibialis anterior?A: Ipsilateral tibia

Resource: Musculoskeletal Assessment page 376, Ankle dorsiflexion and food inversion MMT: "Stabilization. The lower leg is supported against the therapist's thigh and the therapist stabilizes the lower leg proximal to the ankle."

Tibialis Anterior MMT

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Muscle Testing

Q: During resisted testing, a complete grade 3 rupture of a muscle or tendon would most likely be classified as: A: Weak and painless

    Resource: Physical Rehabilitation page 146, table 4.5 Results of Resisted Isometric Testing: "Weak and painless - There is a disorder of the nervous system, neuromuscular junction, a complete rupture of the tested muscle or tendon, or disuse atrophy."

Muscle Testing

Q: When testing the strength of the hip adductors in an adult, the therapist would most likely need to fixate the: A: contralateral leg in abduction

Resource: Musculoskeletal Assessment page 305, gravity eliminated hip adduction MMT: "Stabilization. The therapist stabilizes the pelvis."

Basecamp Musculoskeletal

Therapeutic ExerciseBethany Sturgis

Therapeutic Exercise

Q: A muscle contraction in which the muscle shortens or lengthens while resisting a constant load is known as:A: Isotonic

Resource: Therapeutic Exercise for PTAs page 120: "Isotonic activity is a dynamic change in muscle length. A concentric muscle action occurs as the muscle shortens during activity. An eccentric muscle action occurs when the muscle lengthens during activity."

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Isotonic Exercise

Therapeutic Exercise

Q: Which of the following would be the best indicator that the amount of weight used is excessive in a progressive resistive exercise?A: substitute motions are required

Resource: Therapeutic Exercise for PTAs page 127: "Overtraining is thought to be caused by training loads that are too demanding on the individual's ability to adapt, resulting in fatigue, possible substitution patterns, and injury."

Therapeutic Exercise

Q: Which of the following types of contraction has the potential for the highest force production?A: Eccentric

Resource: Therapeutic Exercise for PTAs page 120: "Eccentric muscle action can produce about 30% more force than concentric actions."

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Eccentric Exercise

Therapeutic Exercise

Q: At what angle of knee flexion is the quadriceps femoris capable of producing a maximum force contraction?A: 45 degrees

Resource: Essentials of Kinesiology for the PTA page 41: "...a muscle can usually produce the greatest force near its midrange, and less as it becomes overly shortened or lengthened."

Therapeutic Exercise

Q: When instructing a patient on proper breathing technique during strength training exercises, which of the following would be the most appropriate?A: exhale during the concentric phase and inhale during the eccentric phase.

Resource:http://www.bodyrecomposition.com/training/breathing-during-weight-training.html/ "Now, perhaps the simplest approach to breathing while lifting is to inhale during the eccentric contraction (when the muscle is lengthening) and exhale during the concentric (when the muscle is shortening).  And there is certainly much logic to this piece of advice."

Therapeutic Exercise

Q: Which of the following terms describes the application of force over a specified distance?A: Work

Resource: Therapeutic Exercise for PTAs page 119: "Work is defined as force x distance or the product of the force exerted on an object and the distance the object moves in the direction of the force."

Therapeutic Exercise

Q: The ability of an individual to use greater resistance with an exercise during their second session as compared to their first session is most likely due to which of the following?A: Neuromuscular adaptation

Resource: Therapeutic Exercise for PTAs page 126: "When an increased training load challenges an individual's current level of fitness, a response by the body occurs as an adaptation to the stimulus of the training load. This increase in training load that leads to an adaptation in muscle is called overload."

Therapeutic Exercise

    Q: Temporarily diminished blood flow to the working muscles during a set of resistance exercise, which then increases during the rest period following the completion of the set is known as:A: Reactive hyperemia

Resource: Anatomy and Physiology page 398: "If circulation to an area is cut off for a time and then restored, vessels overdilate, flushing an area with blood. An example of this can be seen when you cross your legs at the knee. When you remove the top knee, you may notice a red area on the knee where the leg rested."

Therapeutic Exercise

Q: What is the sequence of progression from beginner to advanced for an individual sitting on a ball performing voluntary movements of the arms or legs?A: Unilateral, bilateral, reciprocal limb movements

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Basecamp Musculoskeletal

TerminologyBethany Sturgis

Terminology

Q: Which of the following terms describes a muscle that stabilizes the origin of a prime mover at one joint to increase the effectiveness of another muscle at another joint?A: Fixator

Resource: Essentials of Kinesiology for the PTA page 37: "...a muscle that fixes or holds a body segment relatively stationary so that another muscle can more effectively perform an action is referred to as a stabilizer."

Terminology

Q: What is the correct sequence of joint type from least to most mobile?A: Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis.

Resource: Essentials of Kinesiology for the PTA page 24: "A synarthrosis is a junction between bones that allows little to no movement." "An amphiarthrosis is a type of joint that is formed primarily by fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage. Although these joints allow limited amounts of motion, they play an important role in shock absorption." "A diarthrosis is an articulation that contains a fluid-filled joint cavity between two or more bones. Because of the presence of synovial membrane, diarthrodial joints are frequently referred to as synovial joints."

Terminology

Q: Which term describes two muscles on opposite sides of a joint that act synergistically to produce a shared motion?A: Force couple

Resource: Essentials of Kinesiology for the PTA page 37: "A force-couple is a type of synergistic action that occurs when two or more muscles produce force in different linear directions but produce torque in the same rotary direction."