ch 9 pretest

Pregunta	Respuesta
What are two other names for the Urinary System?	1. Renal system 2. Genitourinary (GU) system
What are the four primary organs of the Urinary System?	1. Kidney 2. Ureter 3. Urethra 4. Urinary bladder
What is the functional unit of the kidney?	Nephrons
Kidney	“removing waste from the blood and making urine”
Urethra	duct by which urine is conveyed out of the body
Ureter	duct that conveys urine from the kidney to the bladder
Parenchyma	“functional parts of an organ or tissue.”
“expelling of urine from the bladder.”	1. micturition 2. voiding 3. urination
5 layers of the kidney from outermost to innermost layer	1. Renal or fibrous capsule 2. Renal cortex 3. Renal medulla 4. Renal sinus 5. Hilum
What makes up the parenchyma	1. renal cortex 2. renal medulla
renal or fibrous capsule	“tough fibrous layer of the kidney that encapsulates the kidney”
Cortex	“outer region of an organ or structure”
renal cortex	“portion of the kidney that lies between the renal capsule and the renal medulla.”
medulla	“inner region/center of an organ.”
renal medulla	“innermost part of the kidney and consists of the renal pyramids.”
renal sinus	the cavity within the kidney that is made up of the renal pelvis and the renal calyces.
Renal pelvis	funnel shaped structure where all the urine from the major calyces comes together before it enters the ureter.
Hilum	the part that curves inward and is the location where the blood vessels and nerves enter the kidney
Three functions of nephron	1.glomerular filtration: the glomerulus allows water, salts, wastes and practically everything except blood cells and proteins to pass through the filter 2. tubular reabsorption – as fluid passes through the tubules, substances that the body conserves, such as sugars and much of the water, are reabsorbed into blood vessels 3 tubular secretion – as fluid passes through the renal tubule, some substances from the bloodstream (waste products of metabolism and certain drugs) are secreted into the tubule to be expelled as urine
renal corpuscle	initial blood filtering unit of the nephron
It consists of an internal small collection of capillaries, called the ________________________ and an outer capsule called the ___________________ capsule.	1. Glomerulus 2. Bowans capsule
Urine collects in the Bowman’s capsule and is conveyed into the renal tubule, which has 3 distinct functional areas. They are the:	1. Proximal convoluted tubule 2. Loop of henle 3.distal convoluted tubule
Urine leaves the distal tubule and goes through the following sequence.	from the distal tubule to the the minor calyx to the major calyx to the renal pelvis to the ureter to the urinary bladder where it is stores until it is finally excreted through the urethra though the opening in the glans penis called the meatus
glomerular filration rate (GFR)	calculates the volume of fluid filtered by the glomeruli
Antidiuretic hormone	secreted by the brain to cause the reapportion of more water by the renal tubules
Homeostasis	during urine production, water and electrolytes can be absorbed or secreted to maintain homeostasis "tendency of a system to maintain internal stability"
Name at least 5 functions of the urinary system	-filtering the blood and regulating the volume and composition of blood plasma -water balance -electrolyte balance -acid/base balance (pH) -produce renin (assists regulation of blood pressure) -produce erythropoietin (erythrocyte production) -produce prostaglandins (hormone-like lipid compounds that affect many organs) -help degrade insulin and metabolize vitamin D
anuria	(an- = without; -uria = urine condition) – complete suppression of urine formed by the kidneys and a complete lack of urine excretion
dysuria	difficult or painful urination
urinary frequency	the need to urinate many times during the day, at night (nocturia), or both but in normal or less-than-normal volumes
Urinary retention	incomplete emptying of the bladder
Continence vs incontinence	continence – the ability to control bladder or bowel function incontinence – the inability to control bladder flow or bowel function; involuntary release of urine
nocturnal enuresis	pertaining to bed-wetting at night
Polyuria	(poly- = many; -uria = urine condition) – producing an unusually large volume of urine
oliguria	oliguria (olig/o = scanty; -uria = urine condition) – producing too little urine
bacteriuria	(bacteri/o = bacteria; -uria = urine condition) – a condition of bacteria in the urinary tract; urine is considered sterile; therefore, it normally does not contain bacteria
glycosuria	(glycos/o = sugar; -uria = urine condition) – presence of sugar in the urine; may indicate diabetes because it is the most common reason for the glucose renal threshold ever being exceeded and requires further testing
hematuria	(hemat/o = blood; -uria = urine condition) – presence of blood in the urine
proteinuria	(protein/o = protein; -uria = urine condition) – presence of protein in the urine
pyuria	(py/o = pus; -uria = urine condition) – presence of pus in the urine
ketonuria	(keton/o = ketones; -uria = urine condition) – presence of ketones in the urine; occurs when the body burns fat instead of glucose for energy, such as in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
uremia	(ur/o = urine; -emia = blood condition) – an accumulation of toxic products in the blood; occurs when the kidneys fail to function properly
uropathy	any disease or abnormal condition of the urinary tract
glomerulopathy	any disease of the glomeruli
kidney stone	nephrolith (nephr/o = kidney; -lith = stone) renal calculus
nephroma	(nephr/o = kidney; -oma = tumor) – Kidney tumor
nephromalacia	(nephr/o = kidney; -malacia = softening) – kidney is abnormally soft
nephromegaly	(nephr/o = kidney; -megaly = enlarged) – kidney is enlarged
nephroptosis	(nephr/o = kidney; -ptosis = drooping) – Downward displacement of the kidney out of its normal location; commonly called a floating kidney
pyelonephritis	(pyel/o = renal pelvis; nephr/o = kidney; -itis = inflammation) – Inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney.
Acute renal failure vs chronic renal failure	renal failure (ren/o = kidney; -al = pertaining to) – Inability of the kidneys to filter wastes from the blood, resulting in uremia. May be acute or chronic. Major reason for a patient being placed on dialysis acute renal failure – a sudden failure of the kidneys characterized by oliguria and rapid accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood; may be caused by nephritis (inflammation of the kidneys), interference in blood flow to the kidney or conditions that disrupt urinary output; it can often be reversed chronic renal failure- a persistent and progressive failure of the kidneys usually related to disease; often leads to dialysis if all other medical measures have not alleviated the problem
cystalgia	(cyst/o = bladder; -algia = pain) – urinary bladder pain
cystitis	(cyst/o = bladder; -itis = inflammation) – urinary bladder inflammation
ureteritis	inflammation of the ureter
ureterectasis	(ureter/o = ureter; -ectasis = dilated) – ureter is stretched out or dilated
urinary reflux	an abnormal backward flow or return of urine from the bladder into the ureters
urethritis	inflammation of the urethra
urethralgia	(urethr/o = urethra; -algia = pain) – urethral pain
hypospadias	a congenital defect in which the urinary meatus is located below its usual location; usually seen in males with the opening on the underside of the penis
epispadias	a congenital defect in which the urinary meatus is located above the usual location
urethrostenosis	(urethr/o = urethra; - stenosis = narrowing) – urethra has become narrow
voided specimen	a sample of urine in which a patient urinates into a sterile container
catheterized urine specimen	obtained by placing a urinary catheter into the bladder and withdrawing urine
cystogram	(cyst/o = bladder; -gram = record) – X-ray record of the urinary bladder
pyelogram	(pyel/o = renal pelvis; -gram = record) – X-ray record of the renal pelvis
CT KUB	CT scan of the kidneys, ureters and bladder (KUB); frequently used to evaluate the internal structures of the urinary system and for detection of kidney stones
cystoscopy	cyst/o = bladder; -scopy = process of visually examining) – visual examination of the urinary bladder using an instrument called a cystoscope
ureteroscopy	visualization of a ureter
urethroscopy /cystourethroscopy	visual examination of the urethra and/or examination of the bladder and the urethra
cystectomy	the surgical excision of a bladder; may be partial or complete
cystopexy	cyst/o = bladder; -pexy = surgical fixation) – surgical fixation of the urinary bladder
nephrectomy	(nephr/o = kidney; -ectomy = surgical removal) – surgical removal of a kidney
nephropexy	(nephr/o = kidney; -pexy = surgical fixation) – surgical fixation of a kidney to anchor it in its normal anatomical position
antispasmodic	medication to prevent or reduce bladder muscle spasms
diuretic	medication that increases the volume of urine produced by the kidneys. Useful in the treatment of edema, kidney failure, heart failure, and hypertension

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	Creado por Agasana Viengmany hace alrededor de 7 años