B1 AQA (9-1) GCSE Revision

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GCSE (Paper 1) Biology GCSE Fichas sobre B1 AQA (9-1) GCSE Revision, creado por Oliver Faragher el 22/05/2018.
Oliver Faragher
Fichas por Oliver Faragher, actualizado hace más de 1 año
Oliver Faragher
Creado por Oliver Faragher hace más de 6 años
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Resumen del Recurso

Pregunta Respuesta
What features to both plant and animal cells have? Nuclei Cell Membranes Cytoplasm Mitochondria Ribosomes
What additional features to plant cells have? Vacuoles Chloroplasts The Cell Wall
What is the average size of cells? 0.01mm - 0.10mm
What unit is used to measure cells? Micrometres
What are micrometres and nanometres in milimetres? 1 micro = 10(-3)mm 1 nano = 10(-6)mm
How do you calculate magnification? Magnification of eyepiece x Magnification of objective lens
How do you calculate magnification of an image? Size of the image / actual size of object
What is the highest possible light microscope magnification? 1500x
What is resolving power? The ability to distinguish between two points - so you can see them as two separate points
What is the resolution of a light microscope? 200nm
What is a TEM? TEM - Transmitting electron microscope Allows you to see cell structure at up to 1 000 000 x
What is an SEM? A high detail resolution image of the external of a cell
What chemicals can we use to stain plant cells? Iodine solution or Methylene blue
What to we mount cells on to? A drop of water or dilute saline
What are the benefits / downsides of high magnification? Can see select parts of the cell in detail Can allow you to estimate the number of a certain type Means you can't get an accurate count on the total number of cells
What are the two methods of showing actual size of a cell? Scale bars Magnification numbers
What does prokaryotic mean and what type of cells are prokaryotic? Without a nucleus Bacteria, Archeans
What do bacteria store their DNA as? Long single molecule loops Plasmids (small rings)
What are eukaryota? Cells with nuclei such as animal and plant cells
What are the seven defining attributes of an animal or plant? (difficult) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
What are the three domains and who came up with them? Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryota Carl Woese
How is a sperm cell adapted to its function? Head containing half of the chromosomes Flagellum for propulsion Many mitochondria for energy Acrosome containing enzymes for penetration
What is the progression of stages leading up to an organ system? Cell -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ system
How many chromosomes does a NORMAL human have? 46 (23 pairs)
What causes mitosis? Damage (Repair) Growth
What happens in what order for mitosis? Rest -> Chromosomes multiply -> Chromosomes form pairs -> Chromosomes lined up in the centre -> Chromosomes pulled apart by spindle fibres -> Cell divides -> Rest
What is the name of the cells formed? Daughter Cells
What are the three main stages of the cell cycle? Cell growth (number of sub-cellular structures increase) Mitosis (above) Temporary rest period
What is cancer? A rapid overgrowth of cells known as a tumor
What are the features of a benign tumour? Slow growing Encapsulated Not cancerous/don't spread They can press on organs
What are the key features of a malignant tumour? Fast growing Can spread to other tissues Cancer cells can detach and form secondary tumours
What causes cancer? Carcinogens leading to mutation (lifestyle choices, chemicals, radiation [ionising + UV], viruses)
What are stem cells? Unspecialised cells that can turn into most types of cell
Where are stem cells found? Blood, muscle, bone and embryos
What can stem cells help with? injures (spinals etc), degenerate diseases, cancers (recovery from chemotherapy)
What is the main argument against stem cell research? Embryos have life the second they are conceived - so they shouldn't be used purely for research
What is one of the main issues with stem cell therapy (medically) You have to find the closest match to the person otherwise the immune system may reject the cells
How does therapeutic cloning work? 1) A nucleus is removed from a human egg cell 2) A nucleus is removed from the cell of the patient 3) Patient's nucleus is implanted into cell and embryonic stem cells matching the patient develop 4) Stem cells are used to treat the patient and the embryo is discarded
What are the main scientific questions surrounding the problem? How successful will the therapy be? How safe is the therapy? (Cultures stem cells begin to show similarities to cancerous cell if left for 60+ divisions)
What are the two main ethical questions? Is it morally right to create an embryo with the intent of destruction? Could embryos simply become recourses for researchers?
What are viruses made up of? Nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes an outer envelope
What is a fertilized egg cell known as? A zygote
When does mitosis occur? - When a cell reaches a certain size - Replenishment after death/damage - When single-cellular eukaryotes reproduce asexually - When cancer cells divide - When eukaryotes are cloned
What can't embryonic stem cells develop into? Placenta cells
What happens to differentiation when a cell mutates and becomes cancerous? Differentiation is less frequent in early stages and very limited in advanced stages
What do organisms need energy for? - Construction of large molecules - Powering of chemical reactions - Movement - Warmth (homeostasis) - Cell division - Active transport - Transmission of nerve impulses
What is aerobic respiration? (formula + definition) The continuously occurring process by which organisms produce energy using oxygen and glucose
Describe how aerobic respiration provides energy (Advanced / not required) Via a chemical reaction the mitochondria add on a glucose molecule to ADP (adenecine di-phosphate) to form ATP (adenecine tri-phosphate). This is then transferred to where is it required and a high energy bond is broken down releasing the energy needed?
What is the term for respiration without oxygen? Anaerobic respiration (fermentation)
What is the equation for fermentation? Glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide
What causes cramp? Build up of lactic acid via anaerobic respiration
What is oxygen debt? The amount of oxygen required to remove the build up of lactic acid
What are bacteria grown in? Culture / culture medium
What is the culture medium? A liquid - often nutrient broth or agar
How do you prevent contamination and what is the procedure known as? Pass through flame while covered by ethanol (flame should be kept close at all times) Aseptic technique
What is the process of bacteria division? Binary Fission
A colony contains: A) Thousands of bacteria B) Millions of bacteria C) Billions of bacteria B
What are the three main phases of colony development? 1) Exponential growth (reproduction outweighs death rate) 2) Stationary phase (reproduction/death rate are equal) 3) Death phase (toxins outweigh reproduction)
How do you test the effectiveness of antibacterial substances? 1) Soak paper disks in the substance 2) Place on a culture of bacteria 3) Leave w/ a control and measure the zone of inhibition
What are the two main differences between bacteria grown in schools vs labs? Mueller-hinton agar would be used in labs (containing blood + milk and beef protein) It would be incubated at 37 degrees - schools are only allowed to go up to 25
What is the maximum number of discs per plate? 12
What is the main anti-biotic resistant bacteria? Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
What is the name of the test (two prior) Disc-diffusion test
Before beginning an experiment - what must you carry out? A risk assesment
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