Biological molecules

Pregunta	Respuesta
What four key elements are biological molecules made up of?	Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O) & Hydrogen (H).
What is the valency of Carbon?	Carbon has a valency of 4.
What is the valency of Nitrogen?	Nitrogen has a valency of 3.
What is the valency of Oxygen?	Oxygen has a valency of 2.
What is the valency of Hydrogen?	Hydrogen has a valency of 1.
Give the definition of valency	Valency is the amount of chemical bonds an element is able to form.
What other elements can biological molecules include in trace amounts?	Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Calcium (Ca2+), Iron (Fe2+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Choride (Cl-), Sulphur (S) & Phosphate (P).
What is meant by the term Organic?	Contains Carbon (C) & is found in a living thing. (Except Carbon dioxide (CO2) & Bicarbonate ions (HCO-3).
What are carbohydrates?	Group of substances structural material in organisms.
What are the three types of Carbohydrates?	Monosaccharides, disaccharides & polysaccharides.
What is a monosaccharide?	It is a simple sugar with the general formula (Ch2O)n. (N can be anything from 3-7.)
What are Disaccharides?	'Double sugars' formed from two monosaccharides e.g. Sucrose.
What are Polysaccharides?	Large molecules from monosaccharides formed together. E.g starch, cellulose.
What type of sugar is glucose?	Glucose is a monosaccharide & a hexose sugar.
Why is Glucose considered a hexose sugar?	Because it contains 6 carbon atoms in it's molecular structure.
What is the general formula for all hexose sugars?	C6H12O6
What is the main energy source for most cells?	Glucose. (For plants it's Sucrose.)
Glucose in different forms can be known as?	Structural isomers.
What are the two types of common isomers (Glucose)?	Alpha & Beta glucose.
What is maltose formed from?	Glucose & Glucose through a glycosidic bond.
What is sucrose formed from?	Fructose & Glucose.
What is Lactose formed from?	Glucose & Galactose
What is maltose found in?	Germinating seeds & in malt.
What is Sucrose found in?	All table sugars & a transplant sugar found in phloem.
What is Lactose found in?	Milk.
What type of glycosidic bond does Maltose & Lactose have?	1-4 Glycosidic bond.
What type of glycosidic bonding does Sucrose countain?	1-2 Glycosidic bond.
How can Glycosidic bonds be broken?	Through the addition of water (H2O) in a hydrolosis reaction.
What type of reaction is the formation of glycosidic bonds?	Condensation reaction.

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