Creado por Chanelle Titchener
hace casi 6 años
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Pregunta | Respuesta |
Models of Memory | - Multi-store model of memory - Working memory model |
Multi-store model | - Sensory register - Attention - Short-term memory - Maintainance rehearsal - Long-term memory - Retrieval |
Sensory Register | - Information that is held at each of the senses: Eyes, ears, mouth, eyes and nose, and the corresponding areas of the brain. - Most stimuli don't receive attention and remain in the SR for a very brief duration (milliseconds) |
Attention | The first step in remembering - Data is transferred from the SR into the STM |
Short-term Memory | - Information used for immediate tasks - Limited duration, so info will decay very quickly if not rehearsed - When rehearsed, information is transferred into the LTM |
Maintainance Rehearsal | Repetition keeps information in the STM but after a while, it becomes an LTM - Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed a direct relationship between rehearsal in the STM and strength of the LTM |
Long-term Memory | Potentially unlimited duration and capacity - Information is rehearsed but may be forgotten |
Retrieval | The process of getting information from the LTM involves the information passing back through STM |
Evaluation | Supporting evidence > Controlled lab studies on capacity, duration and coding support the existence of the short and long-term memory > Beardsley (1997) found the prefrontal cortex is active during STM tasks > Squire et al (1992) found the hippocampus to be active during LTM tasks |
Evaluation | Case studies > Individuals with brain damage > Scoville and Milner (1957) - Brain damage was caused by the bilateral removal of the hippocampus to reduce severe epilepsy. Could no longer form new LTMs but could remember things from before the surgery |
Evaluation | Too simple > MSM suggests that the STM and LTM are unitary stores > See, working memory model: - STM is divided into different stores |
Evaluation | LTM involves more than just maintenance > Craik and Lockhart ( 1972) suggested that enduring memories are created by the type of processing you do, rather than just maintenance. > "Deep" - doing more complicated things with the item to be remembered rather than just repeating it |
The working memory model | - Central executive - Phonological loop - Visuospatial sketchpad - Episodic buffer |
Central Executive | - Directs attention to particular tasks, determining where the brain's resources are allocated - 3 slave systems - Limited capacity |
Phonological Loop | - Limited capacity - Deals with auditory info and preserves it - Baddeley (1986) further divided the group into: > Phonological store = like an inner ear > Articulatory process = like an inner voice |
Visuospatial Sketchpad | - Used for plans - Info is temporarily stored here - Visual info is what things look like - spatial info is the relationship between things - Logie (1995) > Visual cache = visual items > Inner scribe = arrangement |
Episodic Buffer | - Baddeley (2000) - "general store" - non-specific - Limited capacity - Integrates info from the CE, PL and VSS - Maintains a sense of time sequencing - Info is sent to the LTM |
Evaluation | Dual Task Performance > Hitch and Baddeley (1976) supported the existence of CE. 1- Occupied the CE = slower 2- Occupied either the articulary loop or CE = faster > Demonstrates dual-task performance |
Evaluation | Brain damaged patients > Shallice and Warrington (1970) - Short-term forgetting of auditory info was greater than visual info - Brain damage was restricted to PL |
Evaluation | The CE > Not fully understood and too vague > Eslinger and Damasio (1985) - the patient had a brain tumour removed > Performed well on tests requiring reasoning (CE was intact) > Poor decision-making skills (CE wasn't intact) |
Evaluation | Brain-damage patients > Case studies > Brain injury is traumatic and can cause a behavioural change in itself so a person may perform worse on certain tasks > Individuals may have other difficulties such as difficulty paying attention |
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