Inflammation

Pregunta	Respuesta
Shediak-Higashi syndrome?	Defective phago-lysosomal fusion (cats, cows, minks, killer whales)
Interaction b/w lymphocytes and macrophages in chonic inflammation?	Activated T lymphocytes recruit inflammatory cells (through TNF and other) and activate macrophages (through INF gamma). In return, activated macrophages stimulate T cells by presenting antigens and via secretion of inflammatory mediators (like IL12).
Name the cell-derived mediators of inflammation	Platelets, neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, mast cells + Pre-existing (intracellular granules) E.g. histamine in mast cells Synthesized de novo (PGs, cytokines)
Name some plasma derived mediators of inflammation	E.g. complement proteins, kinins - Made in liver - Circulate as inactive precursors
What stimulates mediators?	Necrotic material (PAMPs and DAMPs) + Proteins of complement, kinin, and coagulation systems
Which vaso-active amine is mainly released by mast cells but also basophils and platelets?	Histamine
What is the effect of histamine release?	Dilation of arterioles & increased permeability of venules (via binding to H1 receptors on endothelium)
Which vaso-active amine is mainly released by platelets and neuroendocrine cells in an inflammatory response and what stimulates its release?	Serotonine stimulated by platelet aggregation Image: 2014-12-03_1649 (image/png)
What are the 2 major classes of eicosanoids?	Cyclooxygenase pathway (PGs) Lipoxygenase pathway (LTs and lipoxins)
Leukotrienes- produced by lipoxygenases, secreted by leukocytes have effects on?	Vasculature (permeability, constriction) Chemotaxis (call in other cells) Smooth muscle (bronchospasm)
Lipoxins - produced by lipoxygenase have what effect in inflammation?	INHIBITORS of inflammation (particularly inhibit leukocyte recruitment)
Prostaglandins - produced by actions of cyclooxygenases: COX-1 (constitutively expressed) and COX-2 (inducible) prostacyclin, thromboxane have effects on?	Vasculature (dilation, constriction) Platelets (aggregation or inhibition) Smooth muscle Chemotaxis Pain / fever
Out of COX-1 and COX-2, which one is always activated and which one only activated in inflammation?	COX-1 Always COX- 2 Inflammation
Which pathway does NSAIDs act on and which eicosanoid pathway does it not have an effect on?	Cyclooxygenase pathway! (COX-inhibitors) No effect on Lipoxygenase pathway
Cytokines TNF and IL-1 are relased from activated macrophages in response to what?	Physical injury Endotoxins and other microbial products Immune complexes etc.
Complement system functions? (3)	Inflammation(C3a, C5a) Phagocytosis (C3b is opsonin) Cell lysis (deposition of MAC on cell)
What are kinins?	Vasoactive peptides e.g. bradykinin with similar effects to histamine
Can you live a normal life without factor XII (Hageman factor) ?	Yes
True or false: Inflammatory mediators are long-acting and require a specific STOP signal	False Short half-lives with rapid decay or proteolysis
List two effects of histamine	Vasodilation Increased vascular permeability
What stimulates the release of inflammatory mediators?	Microbial products (PAMPs), necrotic material (DAMPs), other mediators
What are the 2 pathways of the arachidonic acid metabolism, and what is produced by each?	Cyclooxygenase: PGs Lipoxygenase: leukotrienes and lipoxins
Where does arachidonic acid come from?	Cell membranes
How are lipoxins different from the other classes of eicosanoids?	Inhibition of inflammation
Which part of the arachidonic acid pathway do cortocosteroids inhibit?	Entire thing (NSAIDS inhibit Cox-1 and Cox-2; not lipoxygenase)
Where do "plasma-derived" proteins actually come from?	Originally made in liver; circulate in inactive form
List 2 effects of cytokines tnf and IL-1	Leukocyte recruitment Fever
What is the key step in complement fixation that is common to all pathways?	C3 proteolysis
What are the 3 functions of the complement system? And what proteins are most involved with each function?	Inflammation (C3a and C5a) Phagocytosis (C3b) Cell lysis (MAC attack complex)
What mediator is involved in eliciting pain?	Bradykinin
Activation of what substance is involved in activating the four systems involved in inflammation?	Hageman factor (Factor XII)
List the 3 major pathogen routes of entry into lung	Inhaled (aerogenous) Hematogenous Direct entry
List 4 types of pneumonia and their route of entry	Bronchopneumonia (inhaled) Interstitial (inhaled or hematogenous) Granulomatous (inhaled or hematogenous) Embolic (hematogenous)
Name the etiologies involved in enzootic pneumonias and shipping fever	Enzootic pneumonia = mycoplasmas (ovipneumoniae and hyopneumoniae) Shipping fever = Mannheimia hemolytica
List two causes of granulomatous pneumonia	Fungal: blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis, cryptococcosis Mycobacterium bovis
Recall a predisposing condition for aspiration pneumonia	Megaesophagus, handfeeding, cleft palate, downer animal
Identify two predisposing conditions in a cow for embolic pneumonia	Hepatic abscesses Vegetative valvular endocarditis
Identify two predisposing conditions in a cow for embolic pneumonia	Hepatic abscesses Vegetative valvular endocarditis
What is the origin of the neoplastic cells in Jaagsiekte (OPA)	Alveolar epithelial cells (type II pneumocytes and Clara cells)
What bug is the cause of shipping fever?	Mannheimia haemolytica
What type of pneumonia is shipping fever?	Acute fibrinous bronchopneumonia (can also be suppurative or fibrinosuppurative)
BALT?	Bronchus Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Metaplasia?	The reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another mature differentiated cell type
Gross findings at interstitial pneumonia?	Diffuse distribution and large lungs that do not deflate, rubbery texture "meaty"
Gross findings in granulomatous pneumonia	Multifocal firm nodules (any lobe) with white/grey/tan crumbly material
Which pathogens may cause suppurative bronchopneumonia?	P. multocida B. bronchiceptica A. pyogenes Strep spp. Distemper virus Parainfluenza virus
Which type of pneumonia may be ventilator induced?	Interstitial
Which bacteria is the major cause of granulomatous pneumonia?	Mycobacterium bovis
Which parasites may cause granulomatous pneumonia?	Dictycaulus Muelleria capillaris
Via what route does embolic pneumonia enter the lungs?	Haematogenous
What are the 3 possible causes of embolic pneumonia?	Vegetative valvular endocarditis Hepatic abscesses Any septicaemia
How could you grossly differentiate b/w embolic pneumonia and for example tumours or an M. capillaris infection?	Lesions in embolic pneumonia are soft like normal tissue and not nodular
Jaagsiekte is what type of cancer, and what is the cause?	Pulmonary adenocarcinoma Jaagseikte Sheep Retrovirus (JSRV)
List the events in the resolution of acute inflammation	Neutralisation/decay/degradation of chemical mediators Normalisation of vascular permeability Cessation of leukocyte migration
Name 4 types of inflammatory stimuli	Infectious agents Tissue damage Foreign bodies Immune reactions

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	Creado por Marielle83 hace casi 10 años