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| Pregunta | Respuesta |
| Social Influence Types | Normative & Informational |
| Types of social Influence on health | Structural Functional Normative |
| Structural social influence on health | - Quality and quantity of social ties -Primary vs. secondary groups - Direct & indirect social influence (Stress buffering) |
| Functional social influence on health | Emotional Instrumental Informational |
| Normative social influence on health | Social norms provide the context in which individuals make decisions |
| Quality & Quantity of social ties | - Are CAUSALLY related to physical & mental health - size of social networks influences physical & mental health - Married people live linger (Rendall et a., 2011) -Quality of Social. interaction pos. assoc. with self-rep. physical & mental health - Social isolation & loneliness --> Double risk Alzeheimer (Wilson et al., 2007) --> Nearly double risk for stroke |
| How social ties influence health behavior | Through social norms Descriptive Subjective Injunctive |
| Psychological processes underlying social influence | Modelling Social facilitation Impression Management Norms |
| Modelling | Parameters of effectiveness: - Identification - Coping style/Attainability - Relevance - Pos. Reinforcement Advantages of peer modelling: - Credible - Identification - Prolonged positive reinforcement - More acceptance - Peers influence level of physical activity (De La Haye, et al. 2011) |
| Impression Management | Attempt to (un)consciously control impression others form of one by - self-presentation - regulating info about oneself Can inhibit health behavior/promote unhealthy behavior (e.g. using sun screen) |
| Norms | - Peers provide normative context - Peer norms influence behavior - Often misperceived |
| Social facilitation | Infleunce by the mere presence of others - Eating beh. in kids (Lemmung & Hillmann, 2004) - Quality of social ties are important - Risk taking |
| Social determinants of health definition | Conditions in which people are born in, live, work and age and wider forces and systems that shape conditions of daily life including policy agendas, social norms, .. --> Unstabil housing, substandard education, low income, usage neighbourhoods --> health inequities Associated with social position |
| Social determinants of health (WHO) | Stress, transport, addiction, work, unemployment, early life, social exclusion, social gradient, food, social support |
| Interventions | Ultimately: Structural changes Intermediary factors: Reserve Capacity Model HOPE Increasing sense of autonomy, personal control and self-efficacy through social inclusion (Koudenburg et al., 2017) |
| Social Determinants (circle) | Age, sex, constitutional factors Personal & lifestyle factors Societal & Community factors Living & working conditions General SE, cultural & environmental conditions |
| Whitehead's definition of health inequities | Differences in health that are not only unnecessary & avoidable but also considered unfair & unjust |
| Gee & Payne-Sturges (2004) | - Psychosocial stress key determinant in differential susceptibility - Stressors may lead directly & indirectly to health inequities - Ecological perspective: Health disparities do not only stem from the individual but also from factors operating at multiple levels |
| Stress-Exposure-Disease Paradigm (Gee & Payne-Sturges, 2004) | -Relationship between race, environmental conditions & health - Ecological perspective - Racial variation in stressors may account for differences in vulnerability to health risks |
| Stress-Exposure-Disease Paradigm Factors | Neighbourhood resources Community stressors Structural factors Environmental hazards Environmental stress = State of ecological vulnerability that may translate into individual stress Individual stress = Vulnerability to illness when exposed to hazard |
| Measuring health inequities | 3 basic requirements: - Indicator of health - Indicator of social position - Method for comparison ALWAYS compare with highest, not average! |
| Koudenburg et al., 2017 | - 2 longitudinal field studies to explore the effect of social inclusion on self-efficacy & hope on vulnerable groups - 68 residents in alcohol & drug rehab center + 48 marginalised adults --> Group intervention --> social inclusion, personal autonomy and self-efficacy and hope |
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