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| Deviant Identity | -Many people engage in deviance but only a small percentage labeled deviant Identity Development - The process of acquiring a deviant identity unfolds in stages as a "deviant" or "moral" career with people passing through stages that move them out of their innocent identities towards one labeled as "different" by society Seven Stages of the Deviant Identity Career 1. Once people are caught and publicly identified as deviant; their lives change in several ways 2. People will probably change their attitudes toward her look at behavior and engage in "retrospective interpretation" 3. Spoiled identity 4. The dynamics of exclusion 5. Others include in deviant circles 6. Treat differently 7. Looking glass selves - Once people are labeled as deviant and accept that label into their self conceptions, a variety of outcomes may ensue |
| Master Statuses - Primary deviance refers to a stage when people commit deviant acts but their deviance goes unrecognized secondary deviance- individuals deny the label but eventually accept it reluctantly as it becomes increasingly pressed upon them - Tertiary deviance- those who engage in deviance embracement Accounts -Five techniques of Neutralization 1. Denials of responsibility 2. Denying injury 3. Denial of the victim 4. Appeal to higher loyalties 5. Condemning the condmi -Excuses individuals admit the wrongfulness of their actions but distance themselves from the blame -Justifications individuals may invoke sad tales | Stigma -Is when you lower someones status by simply looking at their physical traits Stigma Management - The discreditable and the discredited -Deviance disavowal the non deviants ignore the others deviance and act as if it does not exist Conformative groups- fundamentally adhere to the norms and values of society |
| Ch. 23 The Adoption and Management of a "fat" Identity | - Social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance Methodology -Obese people are "fat" first and only secondarily are seen as possessing ancillary characteristics Data Collection -Field observations and in depth interviews The Identity Change Process -Public(external) and a private (internal) level -Some statuses possess a high degree of evidentiality : gender identification is one of these -The self evidentiality of a status is important in the discussion of the identity change process |
| Placing - Refers to a cognitive process whereby an individual comes to identify an appropriate status from among those available New Status -The final phase of the identity change process involves the internalization of a negative definition of self | Ch.24 Becoming Bisexual |
| - Becoming bisexual involves the rejection of not one but two recognized categories of sexual identity heterosexual and homosexual The Stages -Initial Confusion period of considerable confusion, doubt, and struggle regarding their sexual identity before defining themselves as bisexual Finding and Applying the Label - Adopting the label bisexual Settling into the Identity - Usually it took years from the time of first sexual attractions to or behaviors with both sexes before people came to think of themselves as bisexual Uncertainty - The belief that bisexuals are confused about their sexual identity is quite common -The homosexual community believes there is no such thing as bisexuality | Ch. 25 Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia |
| -Current Appearance norms stipulate thinness for women and muscularity for men these expectations like any norms entail rewards for compliance and negative sanctions for violations -Anorexia Nervosa or purposeful starvation embodies visual as well as behavioral deviation, bulimia binge eating followed by vomiting and/ or laxative abuse is primarily behaviorally deviant -Major health and social problems Methodology/ Sampling and Procedures -Banish group 2hr meetings for 2 years Description of Members -Ages ranged from 19 to 36 modal/21 white, 1 was female -The sole male and 3 of the females were anorexic; the remaining females were bulimic -College students -In the backgrounds of most anorexics and bulimics, dieting figures prominently beginning in the teen years -Among the agents of socialization promoting the slimness norm is advertising -Female models in newspaper, magazine, and television advertisements are uniformly slender | -Emphasis on being slim affects everyone in our culture, but it influences women especially because of society's traditional emphasis on women's appearance -In addition to responding to the specter of obesity, individuals who develop anorexia nervosa and bulimia are conformist in their strong commitment to other conventional norms and goals -Pre anorexics and bulimics display notable conventionality as model children -Individuals who develop anorexia nervosa and bulimia are strongly even excessively attached to their parents Primary Deviance -Respondents failed to maintain their lowered weights -The primary inducement for both eating adaptations was the drive for slimness with slimness came more self respect and a feeling of superiority over unsuccessful dieters -Secondary Deviance - Heightened awareness of group members eating behavior ultimately led others to label the respondents anorexic or bulimic -Respondents differed in their histories of being labeled and accepting the labels -Secondary deviance refers to norm violations which are a response to society's labeling |
| Discussion - Previous research on eating disorders has dwelt almost exclusively on medical and psychological facets -The phenomena of eating disorders transcend concrete disease entities and clinical diagnoses | Ch. 26 Convicted Rapists Vocabulary of Motive |
| -Psychiatry has dominated the literature on rapists since "irresistible impulse" and "disease of the mind" were introduced as the cause of rape -Rape is assumed to be a psycho-pathologic problem and individual rapists are assumed to be "sick" -Sociologists have long noted that people can and do commit acts they define as wrong and having done so engage various techniques to disavow deviance and present themselves as normal Justifying Rape - Deniers attempted to justify their behavior by presenting the victim in a light that made her appear culpable, regardless of their own actions -Five themes run through rapists attempts to justify their rapes (1) Women as seductresses -Men who rape need not search far for cultural language which supports the premise that women provoke or are responsible for rape (2) women mean "yes" when they say "no" -Victims resist but some actually enjoy it (3) Most women eventually relax and enjoy it -Many of the rapists expected us to accept the image drawn for cultural stereotype that once the rape began the victim relaxed and enjoyed it | (4) Nice girls don't get raped -The belief that "nice girls dont get raped" affects perception of fault -The victims reputation as well as characteristics or behavior which violate normative sex role expectations are perceived as contributing to the commission of the crime (5) Only a minor wrong doing -The majority of deniers did not claim to be completely innocent and they also accepted some accountability for their actions Excusing Rape -Admitters regarded their behavior as morally wrong and beyond justification -They blamed themselves rather than the victim, although some continued to cling to the belief that the victim had contributed to the crime somewhat Three themes run through these accounts (1) The Use of Alcohol and Drugs (2) Emotional Problems (3) Nice Guy Image |
| Ch. 29 Negotiating White Power Activist | Stigma -White power activists occupy an interesting position in society they belong to a dominant group yet their attitudes and belief stigmatize them Aryan Stigma Dissonance, and Expressive Balance -Popular images present white power movement activists as strident hostile fanatics that stand out from the crowd -Aryans identity is built around a radically racist and anti- semitic world view -White power members embrace a sense of exceptionalism -Their statement we must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children - Aryan stigma flows from the many sources that oppose their beliefs and practices -Aryan activists are clearly aware of the stigma others attach to their beliefs and most perceive great personal risk in publicly communicating their ideas Method and Data -Interviews, participant observation and content analysis of WPM Web sites other literature Negotiating Activist Stigma In Everyday Settings -Aryans face complicated choices about what to conceal and reveal about their political commitments and they manage their stigma with situationally |
| contingent responses that involve varying the degree to which they conceal and disclose their activist identity Responses to Conformity Pressures of Family and Friends -while WPM members parents siblings relatives and even non movement friends are typically aware of their white power learnings they do not necessarily share those views Leading a double life - Activists respond to this inner struggle in several ways some disengage from those who disapprove -They voluntarily seperate themselves by simply not visiting relatives, attending family gatherings, or befriending non -Aryans | Strategic Silence -instead they devise strategies for simultaneously sustaining family bonds and their Aryan devotion -Most often this is accomplished with strategic silence on topics that would draw attention to their extreme racism Selective Disclosure - Most WPM members report strong desires to find ways they can enact their Aryan self -Others actively explain their politics, albeit with caution to not totally alienate family Managing Expressive Constraints at Work and School - Tension is filled in the workplace for Aryans -They perceive a clear expectation to adapt to non-Aryan Cultures Avoiding others -Activists speak a sense of realism and practically about voicing extremists attitudes at work and the internal fortitud required to play ones work roles in ways that are not disruptive |
| They describe an ironic pleasure in "getting over" or "fooling" non Aryans such as coworkers teachers, but also deep frustrations about having to deny their most salient role Strategic Silence - Aryans do not need to provoke non white coworkers or outwardly express the contempt they feel toward minorities in older to sustain their activists self they often secretly read racist literature , listen to Aryan music and surf white power Active an Passive Identity Displays in Public -Aryans must also decide how much to reveal of themselves in everyday public spaces such as restaurants stores, banks, and other services settings Passive Displays -Without an attitude of restraint white power activists anticipate that they would be constantly retaliating against the evils they perceive as surrounding them in everyday public settings Active Displays -White power symbolism are acts of courage a trait highly esteemed among Aryans | Public Legitimation -Aryans perceive the unambiguous expression of racism and the creation of a white dominated world as ideas but what they actually do in covering or guarding taken expressions of their ideology is a reflection of different situational constraints |
| Ch. 30 Fitting in and Fighting Back Homeless Kids Stigma Management Strategies | -In the 1980's there was an increase in homelessness -Stigma and homelessness are both construed as structural locations -Like stigma homelessness must be recognized as structural component characterizing the individuals relationship to the social world -Stigmatization is entirely contingent on access to social, economic, and political power that allows the identification of differences the construction of stereotypes, the seperation of labeled persons into distinct categories and the full execution of disapproval rejection, exclusion, and discrimination Research Site -Is an organization in San Francisco called A Home Away From homelessness -Home away serves homeless families living in shelters residential motels, foster homes halfway houses Methods and Data -Ethnographic component included participant observation -The first strategy is the difficulty of gaining entry -The second related challenge is being attentive to their devalued social position -The third was participating in imprompty conversations which captured the way kids managed their devalued socialstatus |
| Stigma Management Strategies -Stigma should be understood as a language of relationships -These kids are stigmatized because of their position in society -Kids who are homeless manage their stigma in many ways Strategies of Inclusion -Forging friendships -The language of relationships that identifies kids who are homeless as a stigmatized group is so embedded in society that it is implicit in all their social relations Passing - Visibility is a crucial factor in attempts at passing - To pass successfully an individual must make his or her stigma invisible so that it is known only to himself or herself and to other similarly situated individuals Covering - Individuals engage in covering when they attempt to minimize the prominence of their spoiled identity -Covering allows individuals to participate in more normative social interactions by reducing their stigma elicits Strategies of Exclusion -Verbal Denigration -When individuals face a social world that labels them deviant,they are likely to fight back by maligning others as a way to augment their self esteem | Physical Posturing -Physical posturing is another form of identity work that grants homeless and non homeless kids a momentary degree of empowerment -Body language (threatening postures) Sexual Posturing -The kids used sexuality to validate themselves -Sexual posturing is an exclusionary tactic kids use to distinguish themselves from their peers and to lessen their stigmatization |
| Ch. 31 Collective Stigma Management and Shame: A Vowal, Management, and Contestation | -The research on feminist studies of body shame or sociological studies on shaming as a form of strategic interaction have addressed how organizations attempt to assist their members in managing shame The Organizations -Women's organization -The present analysis of shame is an analysis of women's shame -Men rarely talked about shame or embarrassment over the body while women seemed to be continually Methods -participant observation and in depth interviews at weight watchers and NAAFA -strategy used theoretical saturation Data Collection, Embarrassment and Shame -Gained weight -Feelings of dependency and embarrassment Organizational Frames -Experiences of shame, humiliation, and embarrassment can be found in the life stones of members of 3 appearance organizations - Organizational frames are those definitions constructed and maintained by organizational actors within which experience, interaction, and communication are structured and rendered both personally and organizationally meaningful |
| The Organizational Frame of OA: Redemption -The 12 steps of Overeaten Anonymous 1. Powerless over food/ lives unmanageable 2. Power higher than ourselves could restore us to sanity 3. Decision to turn our will and our lives over the care of God as we understood him 4. Searching and fearless moral inventory of ourselves and to another human being the exact nature of our wrongs 6. Were entirely ready to have God remove defects of character 7. Humbly ask him to remove our short comings 8. Made a list of all persons we had harmed and became willing to make amends to them all 9. Made direct amends to such people wherever possible, except when to do so would injure them or others 10. Continued to take personal inventory and when we were wrong promptly admitted in 11. Sought through prayer and meditation to improve our conscious contact with God 12. Having had a spiritual awakening as the result of these steps, we tried to carry this message to cumpulsive over eaters and to practice these principles in all our affairs | The Organizational Frame of NAAFA: Activism -Activism - Personal Activism Educating people around you disregarding negative comments -Legislative Activism changes in law -Advocacy Activism letter writing and other forms of communication with the power that be regarding your opinions The Organizational Frame of WW Rationality -The type rather than the amount of food consumed Shame work - Emotion work as a labor that requires one to induce or suppress feeling in order to sustain the outward countenance that produces the proper state of mind in others Shamework on Overeaters Anonymous - Primary sources of shame are profoundly social, most often residing in interaction episodes with significant others who have knowingly or unintetionally evoked it Shamework in Weight watchers - Shamework in weight watchers -Shamework commonly discussed by women -Shame experiences in episodes of emotional, physical, or sexual abuse Shame Work in NAAFA - No social context is considered exempt from fat activism -According to NAAFA members, is a way |
| of life, an organized set of attitude, and a mode of responding to myriad situations that members face daily -NAAFA sees social stigma as directly linked to the internalized oppression of shame |
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