Cardiovascular Physiology B

Pregunta	Respuesta
What are the four chambers of the heart	left and right atria and left and right ventricle
Septum	separates left and right atria and left and right ventricles
this ventricle is the largest and strongest chamber in your heart	left ventricle
tricuspid valve	regulates blood flow between the right atrium and right ventricle.
pulmonary valve	controls blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary arteries,carry blood to your lungs to pick up oxygen.
mitral valve	oxygen-rich blood from your lungs pass the left atrium into the left ventricle.
aortic valve	oxygen-rich blood to pass from the left ventricle into the aortawhere it is delivered to the rest of your body.
After flowing through the body, blood enters the heart at the	right atrium
From the right atrium, it passes through the______________ valve and into the right ventricle.	right atrioventricular
When the right ventricle contracts, it ejects the blood out of the heart through the an--_________ into the pulmonary artery to the lungs	pulmonary valve
After passing through the lungs, removing CO2 and picking up oxygen (O2), the blood returns through the _____ ____ to the _____ _____	pulmonary vein to the left atrium.
from the left atrium the blood enters the _____ ______through the left atrioventricular valve.	left ventricle
When the left ventricle contracts, blood is ejected through the _____ ______into the aorta and out to the body	aortic valve
Systemic circulation	which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart
Oxygenated blood from the lungs leaves	the left heart through the aorta
the aorta distributes blood to	the body's organs and tissues, which absorb the oxygen, through a complex network of arteries, arterioles, and capillaries.
venules	where deoxygenated blood is then collected
blood is then re-oxygenated through	pulmonary circulation
pulmonary circulation	which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart.
Oxygen-depleted blood from the body leaves the _____ _____ through the pulmonary arteries	right heart
pulmonary arteries	carry blood to lungs
where do red blood cells release carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen during respiration	lungs
oxygenated blood then leaves the lungs through the	pulmonary veins
from the pulmonary veins return it to _____ ____ which completes the pulmonary cycle	the left heart
Arteries	deliver oxygenated blood to the tissues
stressed volume	The blood volume contained in the arteries
arteries are _____ ______ and are under ____ _____	thick-walled, with extensive elastic tissue and smooth muscle are under high pressure.
Arterioles	smallest branches of the arteries.
site of highest resistance in the cardiovascular system	Arterioles
have a smooth muscle wall that is extensively innervated by autonomic nerve fibers	Arterioles
Alpha1-Adrenergic receptors are found on the arterioles of the	skin, splanchnic, and renal circulations.
Beta2-Adrenergic receptors are found on arterioles of	skeletal muscle.
Capillaries	consist of a single layer of endothelial cells surrounded by basal lamina. -are thin-walled.
-are the site of exchange of nutrients, water and gases in the blood	Capillaries
Venules	formed from merged capillaries.
Veins	thin-walled. -are under low pressure
The largest vein returns blood to the heart.	, the vena cava
contain the highest proportion of the blood in the cardiovascular system	veins
unstressed volume.	blood volume contained in the veins
veins have what kind of receptors	have alpha 1-adrenergic receptors
Velocity	directly proportional to blood flow and inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area at any level of the cardiovascular system.
blood flows from high pressure to low pressure T or F	True
-Blood flow is inversely proportional to the resistance of the blood vessels. True or False	True
Changes in the capacitance of the veins produce changes in unstressed volume	True
Capacitance	the distensibility of blood vessels
Capacitance is inversely related to elastance. The greater the amount of elastic tissue in a blood vessel, the higher the elastance, and the lower the compliance	True
pressure is highest in the aorta and large arteries and lowest in the vena cavae.	true
largest decrease in pressure occurs across the arterioles because they are the site of highest resistance.	true
Blood pressure	a force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels.
highest arterial pressure during a cardiac cycle.	Systolic pressure
Systolic pressure	measured after the heart contracts (systole) and blood is ejected into the arterial system.
Diastolic pressure	is measured when the heart relaxed (diastole) and blood is returning to the heart via the veins.
lowest arterial pressure during a cardiac cycle.	Diastolic pressure
Pulse pressure	different between the systolic and diastolic pressures.
The most important determinant of pulse pressure	stroke volume
Decreases in capacitance, such those that occur with the aging process, cause increases in pulse pressure.	True
The veins have a high capacitance and therefore, can hold large volumes of blood at low pressure. True or False	True
atrial pressure is lower than venous pressure	True
Hypertension is caused by	Environmental factors such as dietary Na+, obesity, and stress),
Hypertension leads to either	increased total peripheral vascular resistance (TPR) by inducing vasoconstriction or to increased cardiac output (CO), or both.
what can increase cardiac output or total peripheral vascular resistance (TPR	Sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosteron system
Secondary hypertension	can be caused by conditions that affect your kidneys, arteries, heart or endocrine system; during pregnancy
Secondary hypertension occurs in what diseases and disorders	Disorders of the adrenal gland Cushing's syndrome . Hyperaldosteronism Pheochromocytoma polycystic kidney disease Drugs and Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Coarctation of the aorta Thyroid and parathyroid problems
. Cushing's syndrome	a condition caused by an overproduction of cortisol
Hyperaldosteronism	too much aldosterone
Symptoms of hypertension	Usually asymptomatic Headache Fatigue Shortness of breath Dizziness Convulsion Changes in vision (Blurred vision, Double vision) Nausea Vomiting Anxiety Increased sweating Nose bleeds Tinnitus - ringing or buzzing in ears Heart palpitations General feeling of unwellness Increased urination frequency Flushed face Pale skin
Drugs to treat High Blood Pressure	Captopril, Ramipril Valsartan hydrochlorothiazide, , Felodipine, Benidipine , Propranolol
Drugs to treat High Blood Pressure Beta-adrenergic blocking agents	Propranolol
Drugs to treat High Blood Pressure calcium channel blockers	, Felodipine, Benidipine
Diuretics,Drugs to treat High Blood Pressure	hydrochlorothiazide
Angiotensin \|\| receptor blockers (ARBs Drugs to treat High Blood Pressure	Valsartan
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) Drugs to treat High Blood Pressure	Captopril, Ramipril
p wave	represents the wave of depolarization that spreads from the SA node throughout the atria,
pr interval	The period of time from the onset of the P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex This interval represents the time between the onset of atrial depolarization and the onset of ventricular depolarization.
an av conduction block occurs when the P-R interval is longer than	.2 seconds
QRS complex	This relatively short duration indicates that ventricular depolarization normally occurs very rapidly.
Ectopic foci	are abnormal pacemaker sites within the heart (outside of the SA node) that display automaticity.
If the QRS complex is prolonged (> 0.1 sec), conduction is impaired within the ventricles True or False	true
ST segment	the segment from the end of the S wave to the beginning of the T wave.
Which segment is important in the diagnosis of ventricular ischemia or hypoxia because under those conditions, the ST segment can become either depressed or elevated.	ST Segment
represents ventricular repolarization and is longer in duration than depolarization	T wave
U waves	waves indicates underlying pathology or conditions affecting repolarization.
QT interval represents	the entire period of depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles. , duration of an average ventricular action potential 0.2 to 0.4 seconds depending upon heart rate
tachyarrhythmias have prolonged ________ intervals	prolonged Q-T intervals

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