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psycholgoy as level topic 2 - memory
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- 1what is codingconverting information into a format the brain can understand
- 2describe coding, and its proofwords that are acoustically similar aren't remembered well in STM, and semantically similar aren't remembered in LTM.
This shows that information coded semantically in LTM and acoustically in STM. - 3what is capacityhow much information can be stored un the STM at any given time
- 4describe capacityDigit span - given 4 digits to remember, increased by 1 digit until one of them is forgotten. Mean = 9.3 for numbers and 7.3 for letters.
Magic 7 = putting digits/letters into small units to make it easier to remember.
Mean = 7 [+-2] - 5what is durationlength of time that information can be held in memory
- 6how was duration investigatedSTM = 3 nonsense syllables, count back in 3s from 100 for different amount of time. after 18 seconds, all was forgotten.
LTM = took school yearbook. photo recognition after 15 years was 90%, after 48 was 70%. Free recall after 15 years was 60%, then after 48 was 30%. - 7evaluate ALL the above studies and proofslow ecological validity
digits may have personal meaning
many confounding variables
word lists etc. are artificial stimuli
BUT they're repeatable/testable - 8what are the 3 steps of the multi store modelsensory register, STM, LTM
- 9describe the sensory registerstimulus passes through. registered iconic (image) and echoic (sound) at same time. duration is 1/2 second. will only continue through MSM if attention paid.
- 10describe the STM of the MSMCodes acoustically.
Duration is 30 seconds without rehearsal.
Capacity if 7 [+-2].
Maintenance rehearsal holds it, prolonged rehearsal moves it onto LTM. - 11describe LTM of MSMPotentially permanent.
Capacity is unlimited.
Coded semantically.
Can only be retrieved through STM.
Hippocampus is crucial for memory, as we see from HM who has it removed due to epilepsy. - 12evaluate the multi store modelSupported by studies. (HM and KF)
Evidence from brain damage shows STM has sub units (amnesia patients).
Rehearsal not necessary to put into LTM.
Lacks ecological validity. (nonsense trigrams)
LTM consist of many more units. - 13what are the 3 types of LTMepisodic, semantic, procedural
- 14describe episodic memoryStore for personal events.
They are time stamped.
Can only recall with conscious effort. - 15describe semantic memoryStores out knowledge of the world.
Not time stamped.
More like facts (what are animals, how does an apple taste etc...). - 16describe procedural memoryStores memory of how to do actions/skills.
Don't need effort to recall.
Examples are - riding a bike/brushing teeth - 17evaluate the LTMHM and Clive wearing both had procedural and episodic, bot semantic. proof for different units.
Brain scans show episodic/semantic in prefrontal cortex.
Helps older people improve episodic memory. (applicable)
Lack of control in lab studies - 18what is the working memory modelrepresentation of STM, including many sub-units. More detailed.
- 19what units does the WMM consist ofcentral executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, episodic buffer.
- 20describe the central executivemonitors incoming data, allocates appropriate slave system.
- 21describe the phonological loopphonological store = stores auditory information heard
articulatory process = rehearses them in a loop for 2 seconds
[It preserves the order by which we hear the information] - 22describe the visuo-spatial sketchpadvisual cache = stores visual data
inner scribe = records arrangement of objects in visual field
[limited capacity] - 23describe the episodic bufferadded in 2010. memory store for CE, records all events, limited to 4 chunks
- 24evaluate the WMMKF couldn't recall verbal, but could visual - existence of different units.
Harder to do 2 tasks at same time if require same store (2 visual tasks e.g).
CE needs more detail than 'attention'.
Brain scans show CE in prefrontal cortex.
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- psychology as level topic 2 - memory
- Creado por
- Talya Hambling
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