The Occipital Lobes

Pregunta	Respuesta
Area V1	Laminar organization most distinct of all cortical areas.
Striate cortex	Another name for visual cortex due to its striped appearance
Color vision	Primary job of V4, but distributed throughout occipital cortex
Primary visual cortex (V1)	Input from LGN, output to all other levels.
Secondary visual cortex (V2)	Output to all other levels.
Dorsal stream	Output to the parietal lobe, visual guidance of movements
Ventral stream	Output to the inferior temporal lobe, object perception
STS stream	Output to the superior temporal sulcus (STS), visuospatial functions (body oriented).
A theory of occipital lobe function	Vision begins in V1 (primary visual cortex), that is heterogeneous, and then travels to more specialized cortical zones.
Lesions to the occipital lobe	Selective lesions produce specific visual deficits. Lesions to V1 - not aware of seeing
Visual regions	Make up about 55% of the total cortex, multiple visual regions in the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes
Vision	Not unitary, composed of many quite specific forms of processing
Vision for action	Parietal visual areas in the dorsal stream, reaching, ducking and catching.
Visual recognition	Temporal lobes and object recognition.
Visual space	Parietal and temporal lobes - determines spatial location.
Egocentric space	Location of an object relative to person
Allocentric space	Location of an object relative to another
Haxby and colleagues	PET study. Found activation for facial stimuli in the temporal region and activation during a location task in the posterior parietal region and frontal lobes. Detection of motion activated V5, while detection of shape activated the STS. Colour perception activated area V4.
Monocular blindness	Loss of sight in one eye, results from destruction of the retina or optic nerve
Bitemporal hemianopia	Loss of vision from both temporal fields, results from a lesion to the optic chiasm
Nasal hemianopia	Loss of vision of one nasal field, results from a lesion of the lateral chiasm
Homonymous hemianopia	Blindness of one entire visual field, results from a complete cut of the optic tract, LGN or V1
Macular sparing	Sparing of the central or macular region of the visual field, results from a lesion to the occipital lobe
Quadrantoanopia or hemianopia	Complete loss of vision in one-quarter of the fovea or in one-half of the fovea, lesion to the occipital lobe
Scotomas	Small blind spots that result from small lesions to the occipital lobes.
Apperceptive agnosia	Deficit in the ability to develop a percept of the structure of an object, bilateral damage to the lateral parts of the occipital lobes.
Simultagnosia	Unable to perceive more than one object at a time.
Object agnosia	Apperceptive agnosia, associative agnosia and simultagnosia.
Associative agnosia	Can perceive objects, but cannot identify them, results from lesions to the anterior temporal lobes
Prosopagnosia	Cannot recognize faces but can recognize facial features, expressions, and tell human from nonhuman faces.
Alexia	Inability to read, results from damage to the left fusiform and lingual areas
Alexia as a form of object agnosia	Inability to construct perceptual wholes from parts
Alexia as a form of associative agnosia	Word memory is damaged or inaccessible
Visual imagery	Right hemisphere superiority in mental rotation, evidence that the left temporal-occipital region is responsible for image generation

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